Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Sleep restriction therapy (SRT) is an effective treatment for insomnia, but it is not known why or how this behavioural treatment works. The aim of this study is to compare SRT to a new intervention, named bedtime consistency therapy (BCT), which involves keeping a regular time in bed, to determine what the most effective treatment is (SRT or BCT) and investigate how the treatments may be working to change sleep and daytime functioning.
Who can participate?
People aged 25-55 from the Oxford area who are poor sleepers and who do not currently take medication for their sleep or mental health
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to one of the two treatment groups (SRT or BCT). SRT involves prescribing a restricted time in bed (‘sleep window’) based on the individual’s reported duration and pattern of sleep. In the BCT group, participants are instructed to maintain consistent bed and rise-times. Taking part involves a total of 14 weeks, during which participants have their sleep carefully assessed. This includes three overnight measurements at home, computer tasks, questionnaires, filling out a sleep diary and wearing an actiwatch.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participants are reimbursed for each completed trial phase and receive free access to interventions aiming to improve sleep. There may be a benefit, therefore, of improved sleep when following the interventions. No risks are expected.
Where is the study run from?
Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford (UK)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
June 2017 to June 2018
Who is funding the study?
Dr Mortimer & Theresa Sackler Foundation
Who is the main contact?
Leonie Maurer
Trial website
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
R51331
Study information
Scientific title
Mechanisms of Sleep Restriction Therapy in Insomnia (MARTINI): a randomised, controlled evaluation comparing bedtime consistency therapy with sleep restriction therapy
Acronym
MARTINI
Study hypothesis
Primary clinical hypothesis:
1. To assess whether sleep restriction therapy (SRT) reduces self-reported insomnia severity relative to bedtime consistency therapy (BCT)
Secondary clinical hypotheses:
2. SRT reduces sleep-diary reported wake time after sleep onset (WASO) and sleep onset latency (SOL) during treatment phase relative to BCT
3. SRT improves sleep-related quality of life relative to BCT
4. SRT reduces self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety relative to BCT
5. SRT reduces self-reported cognitive complaints relative to BCT
Primary mechanistic hypothesis:
1. SRT improves PSG-defined sleep continuity relative to BCT
Secondary mechanistic hypotheses:
2. SRT improves actigraphy-defined sleep continuity during treatment phase weeks relative to BCT
3. SRT potentiates homeostatic sleep drive relative to BCT
4. SRT increases subjective and objective measures of sleepiness during treatment phase relative to BCT
5. SRT decreases the objective-subjective discrepancy (SOL, WASO and total sleep time [TST]) relative to BCT
6. SRT reduces night-to-night sleep variability for diary-recorded SOL, WASO and TST relative to BCT
7. SRT increases inter-daily stability and reduces intra-daily variability in rest-activity (determined by actigraphy) relative to BCT
8. SRT reduces attention bias to sleep stimuli at the end of treatment relative to BCT
9. To compare self-reported adverse events between SRT and BCT groups
10. SRT reduces cognitive pre-sleep arousal and sleep-related thoughts relative to BCT
Ethics approval
Medical Sciences Inter-divisional Research Ethics Committee (IDREC), 14/06/2017, ref: R51331/RE001
Study design
Randomised controlled mechanistic evaluation
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Community
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use contact details to request a participant information sheet.
Condition
Insomnia disorder
Intervention
Participants are randomly assigned to the treatment group, SRT, or a specific factors component control group, BCT (bedtime consistency therapy) (1:1) over a 14-week measurement period using a computerised randomisation procedure generated from ‘sealedenvelope.com’. Randomisation and enrolment of the participants is performed by a member independent of the study team; the study team is therefore blind to future allocations. Randomisation is stratified by age (25-40:41-55) and gender (Male: Female). Treatment for both groups is delivered in a one hour session by the primary researcher at the Sleep and Circadian Neurosciences Institute (Oxford, Uk) according to a manualised protocol and personalised treatment slides (PowerPoint, 2013).
Test treatment:
Sleep restriction therapy involves prescribing a restricted time in bed (‘sleep window’) based on the individual’s reported duration and pattern of sleep. The aim is to consolidate sleep and reduce awakenings and wakefulness during the night. Therefore, the estimated total sleep time across the previous two weeks is averaged and initially used to set the sleep window. For example, a participant who reports to spend nine hours in bed but only reports 6 of those sleeping would be assigned to a six hour sleep window. The time for rising is established first to fit the individual’s wake schedule and then the time for retiring at night is set to equal the new prescribed time in bed. A lower limit of 5 hours is set to avoid severe sleep loss. Changes to the sleep window are made according to the following criteria for the previous week: a) when the mean sleep efficiency (SE) is > 90% the TIB gets increased by 15 minutes. b) When the mean SE is < 85%, the TIB is decreased to the mean total sleep time (TST) of the previous five days. c) If the mean SE is in between 90% and 85%, then the TIB is not altered.
Specific factors component control:
Bedtime consistency therapy is the comparator of choice, because - similar to SRT - it involves sleep monitoring via daily diary, adherence to behavioural advice, and permits matching for therapist time and attention. However, unlike SRT, it does not aim to increase sleep efficiency or reduce time in bed. In this way BCT is a specific factors component control.
In the BCT group, participants are instructed to maintain consistent bed and rise-times. The sleep window is based on the average time in bed of the previous two baseline weeks and rising time is set to fit the individual’s working day. Participants are introduced to a bed time consistency checklist, whereby they have to check if the previous reported daily bed and rise times were within 10 minutes of the new scheduled bed and rise times. Participants are informed that the bed time consistency will be reviewed on a weekly basis, at the overnight recordings and during the check-up phone calls.
Intervention type
Behavioural
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Self-reported insomnia severity is measured by the insomnia severity index (ISI) at baseline, post-treatment (4 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks)
Secondary outcome measures
Secondary clinical outcomes:
2. Wake time after sleep onset (WASO) and sleep onset latency (SOL) are derived from continuous daily sleep diary (consensus sleep diary)
3. Quality of life is measured by the Glasgow sleep impact index (GSII) baseline, post-treatment (4 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks)
4. Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety are measured by the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) at baseline, post-treatment (4 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks)
5. Self-reported cognitive complaints are measured with the British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory (BC-CCI) at baseline, post-treatment (4 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks)
Primary mechanistic outcome:
1. Objective sleep continuity will be obtained by polysomnography at baseline, during the acute treatment (1 week) and at the end of treatment (4 weeks)
Secondary mechanistic outcomes:
1. Objective sleep continuity (SOL and WASO) will be obtained by continuous actigraphy (2 weeks baseline and 4 weeks treatment)
2. Homeostatic sleep drive will be obtained by slow wave activity derived from polysomnography (PSG) at the end of week of treatment 1 and 4
3. Subjective sleepiness is measured by:
3.1. Daily self-reported sleep diary (2 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment)
3.2. The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) measured at baseline, weekly during treatment phase weeks 1-4 and at follow-up (12 weeks)
4. Objective sleepiness is measured by the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) at baseline and at the end of treatment week 1 and 4
5. Objective-subjective discrepancy of sleep estimates are derived from continuous sleep diary and actigraphy estimates over a 6-week period (2 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment) and polysomnography measurements at baseline and at the end of treatment week 1 and 4
6. Variability estimates of SOL, WASO and total sleep time (TST) extracted from continuous sleep diary and actigraphy over a 6-week period (2 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment)
7. Variability estimates of SOL, WASO and TST extracted from continuous sleep diary and actigraphy over a 6 week period (2 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment)
8. Attention bias to sleep stimuli is measured with the dot-probe task performed at baseline and at the end of treatment week 1 and 4
9. Self-reported adverse events are measured by the symptom checklist at the end of treatment week 1, 2, 3 and 4
10. Cognitive pre-sleep arousal and sleep-related thoughts are measured:
10.1. Continuously with 5 items of the pre-sleep arousal scale (PSAS) included in the sleep diary
10.2. Weekly and point-in time versions of the PSAS and the Glasgow Content of Thoughts Inventory (GCTI) are obtained at baseline and at the end of treatment week 4 and at follow-up (12 weeks)
Overall trial start date
14/06/2017
Overall trial end date
13/06/2018
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study
2. Adults aged 25-55 years
3. Screening positive for persistent insomnia (chronicity >3 months) as indicated on the Sleep Condition Indicator
4. Access to the internet with a tablet, laptop or desktop computer
5. Regular use of a personal mobile phone
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
56
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Psychiatric diagnoses other than insomnia
2. Anxiety (anxiety items of the HADS >10)
3. Depression (PHQ > 10)
4. Current substance misuse
5. Additional sleep disorders other than insomnia (e.g. narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disorder)
6. Sleep-disruptive medical comorbidity or conditions contraindicated for SRT (e.g. epilepsy)
7. Current prescription of medication or psychotherapy for sleep
8. Overnight shift work, evening, or rotating shift work
9. Pregnancy
10. Not living in the area of Oxford (participants’ homes had to be accessible by the researcher for ambulatory PSG)
Recruitment start date
01/08/2017
Recruitment end date
01/02/2019
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
University of Oxford
-
Oxford
OX1 3PN
United Kingdom
Funders
Funder type
Charity
Funder name
Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
foundation
Location
United Kingdom
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Planned publication of the results of this study, irrespective of magnitude or direction of effect, in peer-reviewed journals. Findings will also be presented at national and international scientific meetings. The results will be made available online wherever possible, if permitted by journal policies.
IPD sharing statement
The data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date.
Intention to publish date
01/10/2019
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list