Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Can a simple tool such as a checklist help to reduce mother and child mortality and thus contribute to goal 3 of the global Sustainable Development Goals? This question is examined in the Indonesian Province Aceh as the country has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in South-East Asia. Reductions of maternal and child mortality are among the top priorities of global health and development policy. The birth process still remains to be a critical and highly risky period in mothers´ and children´s lives and accounts for half of all child deaths. Based on the success of checklist programs in other disciplines, the WHO developed the Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) – a tool that targets the major causes of maternal and newborn mortality while being cost-effective at the same time and hence easily adaptable in low-resource settings. This instrument will be introduced and evaluated the instrument in health institutions in Aceh province. The aim of this study is to identify the effects of the checklist introduction on the performance of essential childbirth practices, maternal and neonatal health outcomes as well as team structures and empowerment among health personnel.
Who can participate?
All public health facilities in the study areas including hospitals and community health centers.
What does the study involve?
Sites send their facility representatives to the same information event and participated both in observations and surveys for data collection purposes. Sites are allocated to one of two groups. Sites are then exposed to four treatment components: an introductory event, provision of the checklist and danger sign information sheets, inter-facility staff meetings and monitoring visits. The introductory event consists of a two hour presentation, explaining the motivation of the checklist and its application, supported by a role play going step by step through a delivery. A checklist quality coordinator (CQC) is selected for each site. They are responsible for the SCC implementation. CQCs meet twice during the study period for a two hour focus group discussion including exchange of best practice. During the second CQC meeting the best solutions are chosen on a peer level basis. Eleven monitoring visits are carried out over six months, taking each two hours. Those meetings serve the collection of used and provision of new checklists. Feedback on previous performance is given based on the collected checklists. Face-to-face interviews with the monitoring team are offered to ask questions on potential barriers in checklist implementation from both sides. Those in the second group do not have any exposure to the research team during the six months of study.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The health staff in the treated facilities have the opportunity to get acquainted to the safe childbirth checklist as an innovative tool for improvements in the quality of care. Moreover, they receive feedback on their performance based on the essential practices listed on the safe childbirth checklist. However, no additional monetary or non-monetary benefits (e.g., training) are provided. The implementation of the checklist within the SCC Intervention Units may cause some discomfort to health personnel, as they will have to get used to its standardized application in their everyday work. The possible high returns from using the checklist will be strongly emphasized in the introductory workshops. Questions on their work satisfaction and motivation might also cause discomfort. Therefore, the questionnaire (work satisfaction, motivation, leadership) is conducted in privacy and the anonymity of the answers is stressed. Additionally, the interviewer points out that there will be no adverse consequences for them, also if they decide not to take part.
Where is the study run from?
District Health Offices of Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar and Bireuen Regency (Indonesia)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
June 2015 to February 2018
Who is funding the study?
1. Volkswagen Foundation (Germany)
2. European Commission’s Experts for Asia Scholarship Program (EU)
Who is the main contact?
Ms Katharina Richert (Scientific)
Trial website
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
SCC ACEH
Study information
Scientific title
Evaluating the Impact of the WHO’s Safe Childbirth Checklist in Aceh Province, Indonesia – A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trials
Acronym
Study hypothesis
The Safe Childbirth Checklist along with a monitoring increases the application of essential birth practices. This would be linked to changes in provider perceptions (on behavioral control, empowerment and information) and ultimately to health outcomes.
Ethics approval
1. Ethical Review Board of the University of Göttingen(Ethikkommission der Universität Göttingen), 27/06/2016, ref: 08/KE/FK/2016
2. Ethical Clearance Committee of the Medical Faculty of Syiah Kuala University, 24/06/2016 ref: No: 08/KE/FK/2016
Study design
Randomised controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
See additional files
Condition
Complications (e.g., asphyxia, bacterial sepsis, hypothermia, eclampsia, hemorrhage) and mortality during child deliveries.
Intervention
Study sites are matched groupwise based on baseline data. Those are then used to build two comparable groups via an optimizaiton approach. The groups are then assigned randomly in intervention and control.
The intervention sites are exposed to four treatment components (i) an introductory event, (ii) provision of the checklist and danger sign information sheets, (iii) inter-facility staff meetings and (iv) monitoring visits.
Intervention sites sent their facility representatives to the same information event and participate both in observations and surveys for data collection purposes. Above that, the intervention sites are exposed to four treatment components:
1. An introductory event
2. Provision of the checklist and danger sign information sheets
3. Inter-facility staff meetings
4. Monitoring visits
The introductory event consists of a two hour presentation, explaining the motivation of the checklist and its application, supported by a role play. Moreover, during the event a facility based (non-remunerated) checklist quality coordinator (CQC) are selected, who is responsible for the SCC implementation. CQCs meet twice during the study period for a two hour focus group discussion including exchange of best practice. Eleven monitoring visits are carried out over six months, taking each two hours. Those meetings served the collection of used and provision of new checklists. Moreover, feedback on previous performance are given and face-to-face interviews with the monitoring team offer the opportunity to ask questions on potential barriers in checklist implementation from both sides.
The control group do not have any exposure to the research team during the six months of study intervention. Both in the intervention and control group data on delivery-level is collected by a team of trained enumerations. Moreover, standardized observation of essential birth practices is carried out over all observed deliveries via a secondary checklist on the observable practices of the SCC. Observations take place 24 hours a day over six days in all facilities with more than 200 deliveries per year, corresponding to more than four deliveries per week. The 24 hour observation reduces the Hawthorne effect, referring to health personnel behaving differently while being observed. However, studies show that this observation bias diminishes after approximately two hours being observed. Our procedures correspond to the common practice in observed behaviour studies (Spector, et al. 2012). The remaining facilities, not meeting the minimal number of deliveries criterion, were observed by stand-by observers, being available on call by the facilities, whenever a delivery occurred.
Intervention type
Behavioural
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measures
1. Changes in observed behaviour is measured using a modified version of the SCC observation checklist of Ariadne Labs at six months after baseline
2. Practitioners perspectives in quality of care, referral perceptions, working structure, information and communication, knowledge motivation, empowerment, reminding and the coaching process is measured using individual practitioner surveys at baseline and six months after baseline
Secondary outcome measures
1. Health outcomes/mortality is measured using administrative/ hospital level data at baseline and six months after start of SCC intervention.
2. Birth complications measured using administrative/ hospital level data at baseline and six months after start of SCC intervention
Overall trial start date
01/06/2015
Overall trial end date
28/02/2018
Reason abandoned
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
All public health facilities in Banda Aceh and Bireuen regency, including hospitals (rumah sakit) and community health centers (puskesmas) will be included in the study population.
Participant type
Not Specified
Age group
Not Specified
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
32 health facilities (in total for treatment and control), which would include around 500 midwives that conduct around 5000 deliveries in the six months study period.
Participant exclusion criteria
Health facilities that are below the level of hospitals and community health centres (puskesmas) will not be considered, as a sufficient number of cases per observation unit is needed to ensure an empirically meaningful analysis.
Recruitment start date
01/09/2016
Recruitment end date
25/12/2017
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Indonesia
Trial participating centre
District Health Offices of Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar and Bireuen Regency
-
23111
Indonesia
Sponsor information
Organisation
Georg-August University Göttingen
Sponsor details
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vollmer
Centre for Modern Indian Studies (CeMIS)
Waldweg 26
Altbau
Raum 1.117
Göttingen
37073
Germany
Sponsor type
University/education
Website
Funders
Funder type
Charity
Funder name
Volkswagen Foundation
Alternative name(s)
VolkswagenStiftung
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
foundation
Location
Germany
Funder name
European Commission’s Experts for Asia Scholarship Program
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
The results will be disseminated to all relevant stakeholders including researchers, local health practitioners, facility leadership and policy makers. A sustainable roll-out of the intervention – if assessed effectively – will involve the support of all those parties. Therefore, the dissemination process will be participative, where input from the practitioners’ side can be used and potential concerns are discussed. Moreover, further information on the provincial health system, which is gathered in this trial, will be provided to policy makers and practitioners. Finally, study results will be shared with the international scientific community in the framework of conferences and the submission of results to peer-reviewed scientific journals.
There are plans to publish the study protocol in other outlets.
IPD sharing statement:
The current data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date.
Intention to publish date
30/05/2018
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Results - basic reporting
Publication summary