Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Ankle fractures are very common, comprising up to 20% of all leg fractures. The best type and timing of rehabilitation for this condition remains unclear. For those who need to have surgery to fix their ankle fracture it is normal for them to remain in a leg cast and not put the foot to the floor for 6-weeks. However, early exercise, outside of a cast, could be a viable option. The study team has created an Early Motion And Directed Exercise (EMADE) rehabilitation programme, which is designed to be used from the second to the sixth week after surgery. The aim of this study is to find out whether starting physiotherapy early using the EMADE programme can help patients who have had surgery to fix ankle factors recover more quickly and completely.
Who can participate?
Adults who have a fractured ankle which is being treated by surgery.
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. Those in the first group are fitted with a light-weight below knee cast and remain non-weightbearing while walking until the six-week orthopaedic clinic review. Those in the second group are fitted with a removable cast that is retained with Velcro straps. They are also non-weightbearing during gait until the six-week orthopaedic clinic review. These participants take their cast off to conduct exercises several times per day at home. These exercises include bending the ankle towards them and pointing the ankle and toes down, and later strengthen with elastic exercise bands. During weekly one-to-one physiotherapy sessions (three, four and five weeks after surgery) the frequency and intensity are progressed on an individual basis. Hands-on treatments and education on the condition and responses to exercise are also provided. From the six-week orthopaedic review, it is common for the cast to be removed and if the X-ray is satisfactory, participants in both groups can then start taking weight on the ankle while walking. Participants complete questionnaires about their symptoms and function at the start of the study and at six, 12, 24 and 52 weeks following their surgery.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
There is no guarantee of direct benefits however the information gained may contribute to improving treatment for ankle fractures in the future. There are no notable risks involved with participating.
Where is the study run from?
Queen's Medical Centre (UK)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
November 2011 to December 2018
Who is funding the study?
Arthritis Research UK (UK)
Who is the main contact?
1. Miss Jess Nightingale (public)
jessica.nightingale@nuh.nhs.uk
2. Mr Benhamin Ollivere (scientific)
Benjamin.Ollivere@nottingham.ac.uk
Trial website
http://www.sportsarthritisresearchuk.org/research-projects/project-list/emade.aspx
Contact information
Type
Public
Primary contact
Ms Jess Nightingale
ORCID ID
Contact details
Trauma and Orthopaedics
C Floor
West Block
QMC
Nottingham University Hospitals
Derby Road
Nottingham
NG7 2UH
United Kingdom
+44 (0)115 924 9924 (ext. 67502)
jessica.nightingale@nuh.nhs.uk
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Mr Benjamin Ollivere
ORCID ID
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-1756
Contact details
Academic Orthopaedics
Trauma and Sports Medicine
University of Nottingham
Queen’s Medical Centre
Nottingham
NG7 2UH
United Kingdom
+44 (0)115 82 31115
Benjamin.Ollivere@nottingham.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
18892
Study information
Scientific title
Early motion and directed exercise (EMADE) post ankle fracture fixation: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Acronym
EMADE
Study hypothesis
Early motion and directed exercise (EMADE) physiotherapy will perform better than usual care at three months following operative fixation of a Weber B fracture as measured by the Oleurd and Molander Score (OMAS).
Ethics approval
NRES Committee East Midlands – Nottingham 2, 04/11/2014, ref: 14/EM/1213
Study design
Randomised; Interventional; Design type: Treatment, Rehabilitation
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
See additional files
Condition
Specialty: Injuries and emergencies, Primary sub-specialty: Injuries and emergencies
Intervention
Participants receive identical care pre-operatively and in the first two post-operative weeks consisting of admission to hospital, consultant supervised surgery including management on a standard care pathway. Participants are discharged home in a plaster cast and reviewed two weeks following surgery. All participants undergo x-ray and wound inspection following plaster removal at the two week review. All participants are non-weightbearing throughout the study until the six week point.
Participants in the intervention group at two weeks fitted with a removable cast (3M Delta-cast soft cast, with an integrated focussed rigid back-slab casting and Velcro retaining straps). At the two-week review a focussed physiotherapy exercise programme commences up to six times a day. The range-of-motion and strengthening home exercise programme is taught during weekly face to face sessions (weeks three, four and five post-surgery) and progressed as appropriate. To encourage compliance with the EMADE home exercise programme, written and pictorial instructions are provided. During sessions manual therapy and education is provided as per protocol.
Participants in the usual care group are treated in a plaster until the six week point.
From the six-week review all study participants receive the same standard care. This includes removal of casts and if appropriate on X-ray review, commencement of weight bearing as tolerated, and physiotherapy as required. Protocol deviations, as per standard care, are based on individual clinical decision, for example removal of metal work, including syndesmosis screws.
Intervention type
Other
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Symptoms and function, are measured by the Olerud and Molander ankle score (OMAS) patient reported outcome measure (PROM), recorded at 2 and 6-weeks post-surgery, as baseline and end-of-intervention respectively and at 12 (Primary timepoint) 24 and 52-weeks post-surgery.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Symptoms and function, are measured using the Ankle Fracture Outcome of Rehabilitation Measure (A-FORM) PROM and use of walking aids at; 2, 6, 12, 24 and 52-weeks post-surgery
2. Generic quality of life is measurers using the EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L and level of activity PROMs at; 2, 6, 12, 24 and 52-weeks post-surgery
3. Health and social economic impact, are measured by ability and time to return to work and return to driving (where applicable), ankle related hospital attendance, quality adjusted life years (derived from the EQ-5D-5L), and complication rates are recorded through reviewing routine X-rays, hospital attendance and adverse events at; 2, 6, 12, 24 and 52-weeks post-surgery
4. Objective Ankle function is measured by non-weightbearing range-of-motion (dorsiflexion and plantar flexion) and tape measured ankle and calf sizes at; 2 and 6weeks post-surgery. Objective Ankle function measures are repeated with the addition of weightbearing dorsiflexion, walking speed, balance and isokinetic planter flexion strength at; 12, 24 and 52-weeks post-surgery
To mitigate against bias, participants complete the 12-, 24- and 52-week PROMs, concealed from the researchers. A third party, blinded to the intervention group inputs the data, and analysis of the PROMs is completed by a Statistician, who is also blinded to the intervention group.
Overall trial start date
01/11/2011
Overall trial end date
20/06/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Aged 18 and over
2. Independently living
3. Isolated and closed Weber B ankle fractures which are stable following internally fixation
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
156
Total final enrolment
157
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Inability to provide informed consent
2. Diabetes
3. Non-healing leg/foot ulcers
4. Steroid users
5. Pre-existing ankle arthritis and concurrent or history of significant ipsilateral or contralateral lower limb injury/condition e.g. contralateral leg prosthesis
6. Neurological disorders
Recruitment start date
11/06/2015
Recruitment end date
19/06/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Queen's Medical Centre
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
Trauma and Orthopaedics
C Floor
West Block
Derby Road
Nottingham
NG7 2UH
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
King's Mill Hospital
Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Mansfield Road
Sutton in Ashfield
NG17 4JL
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
John Radcliffe Hospital
Headley Way
Headington
Oxford
OX3 9DU
United Kingdom
Funders
Funder type
Charity
Funder name
Arthritis Research UK
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Other non-profit organizations
Location
United Kingdom
Funder name
AO Documentation and Publishing Foundation
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Publications will include a final report and presentations at scientific conferences and meetings, with the overall results published in high-impact peer reviewed journal, approximately one year after the overall trial end date. Additional dissemination may include patient/public participation seminars and meetings, such as those organised by Arthritis Research UK.
IPD sharing statement:
The current data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date.
Intention to publish date
31/12/2019
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2018 protocol in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855386
Publication citations
Additional files
- ISRCTN11212729_PIS_04Nov16_V2.1.pdf Uploaded 23/03/2017