Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Tuberculosis (TB) is a common, infectious condition caused by a bacterial infection. It is generally spread by breathing in tiny droplets released into the air by an infected person coughing or sneezing. TB usually affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but it can also affect other areas of the body such as the bones, brain and kidneys. Controlling the spread of TB is founded on the basis of early diagnosis (confirmed under a microscope) and treatment and ensuring patients complete the full course of treatment needed to cure the disease. Often the first way of testing for TB is to take a sample of sputum (mixture of saliva and mucous that has been coughed up) and examining it under a microscope for signs of TB bacteria (smear microscopy). This is around 50-60% accurate however, and so further tests are needed to confirm diagnosis and start treatment. Experience of TB screening among hard to reach groups and other TB patients by the pan London Find&Treat TB outreach service has shown that the current service offered in the UK rarely achieves same day diagnosis in patients who have a positive TB smear. This could mean that many patients who need follow up can do not receive it, especially amongst hard to reach groups, and the risk of an outbreak increases. Patients with negative smears often have to wait several weeks for their results before starting treatment, and there is further delay in the availability of drug sensitivity tests (tests to show how effective a particular treatment will be on the TB bacteria) to inform clinical management. The use of PCR based molecular technologies allows a high proportion of smear negative cases (later confirmed by culture) to be diagnosed within 48 hours. In addition these technologies enable identification of mutations specific to rifampicin drug resistance (a key marker of multidrug resistance). The study aims to determine the effects of a rapid diagnostic service alongside the pan London mobile X-ray screening (MXU) for TB in best possible management of suspected TB cases in hard to reach groups.
Who can participate?
Patients aged 16 years and over who have a chest x-ray result suggesting they have pulmonary TB identified through MXU screening at hostels for homeless people and drug and alcohol services across London.
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. Those in the first group provide a sputum sample for immediate analysis using by staff working on the MXU. An additional sample is also submitted for routine smear microscopy and culture (growing in a petri-dish) in the local hospital laboratory. Patients with a positive test result are referred immediately to a local hospital for clinical assessment, isolation and to start TB treatment. Patients with a negative test result but who still show signs of TB are also referred. Patients with a negative test result without these symptoms are followed up in the community with two further sputum samples (including 1 early morning specimen for microscopy and culture) and clinic referral if these tests are positive. Patients with three negative microscopy and culture results are offered a repeat chest X-ray on the MXU three months from the initial X-ray and travel expenses are provided as necessary. Those in the second group are managed as per standard practice. This involves being accompanied directly to a hospital and a sputum sample will be collected for routine analysis in a hospital laboratory. Further investigations at the clinic will include collection of additional samples for microscopy and culture.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participants may benefit from early detection of TB, meaning that treatment can be started earlier and the risk of spreading TB to others is reduced. There are no notable risks involved with participating.
Where is the study run from?
Royal Free Hospital (London)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
March 2012 to December 2016
Who is funding the study?
National Institute for Health Research (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Professor Andrew Hayward
a.hayward@ucl.ac.uk
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Public
Primary contact
Prof Andrew Hayward
ORCID ID
Contact details
Farr Institute of Health Informatics
Research Department of Infectious Disease Informatics
University College London
222 Euston Road
London
NW1 2DA
United Kingdom
+44 (0)20 7794 0500
a.hayward@ucl.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
14469
Study information
Scientific title
TB Reach 4 - Randomised controlled trial of rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis on the mobile X-ray unit (MXU) using Cepheid PCR system
Acronym
TB Reach 4
Study hypothesis
The aim of this study is to determine the impact of a rapid diagnostic service alongside the pan London mobile X-ray screening (MXU) for TB on optimal management of suspected TB cases in hard to reach groups.
Ethics approval
NRES Committee East of England - Essex, Research Ethics, 20/03/2012, ref: 10/H0302/51 AM01
Study design
Randomised; Interventional; Design type: Not Specified, Not Specified
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Not specified
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Specialty: Respiratory disorders, Primary sub-specialty: Respiratory disorders
Intervention
Those who have consented to participating in the study will be randomised using a text messaging randomisation service provided by Sealed Envelope (http://www.sealedenvelope.com). A stratified randomisation method balanced by the presence and absence of cavitation on the chest X-ray will be used. Participant’s unique study number, initials, date of birth, as well the presence or absence of cavitation will be collected at randomisation and sent to Sealed Envelope via text to generate an instant text message with the group allocation.
Intervention arm: Participants will be asked to produce a sputum sample for immediate analysis using the Cepheid Xpert® MTB/RIF test by staff working on the MXU with result in 90 minutes. An additional sample will also be submitted for routine sputum microscopy and culture in the local hospital laboratory. Patients with a positive point of care Cepheid Xpert® MTB/RIF test result will be referred immediately to a local hospital for clinical assessment, isolation and to commence TB treatment. Patients with a negative test result, but with any of the following clinical symptoms haemoptysis, night sweats and weight loss will also be referred as above. Intervention arm participants who are negative according to Cepheid Xpert® MTB/RIF and who do not have the symptoms described above will be followed up in the community with two further sputum samples (including 1 early morning specimen for microscopy and culture) within the next two days and clinic referral if these subsequent tests are positive. Patients with three negative microscopy and culture results will be offered a repeat chest X-ray on the MXU three months from the initial X-ray with onward referral if needed, and travel expenses will be provided as necessary.
Control arm: Participants will be managed according to standard practice i.e. patients will be accompanied directly to a hospital and a sputum sample will be collected for routine analysis in a hospital laboratory. Further investigations at the clinic will include collection of additional samples for microscopy and culture, as well as clinical assessment to determine if isolation and treatment is required.
Intervention type
Other
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measures
Number of clinic visits needed for exclusion or confirmation of tuberculosis diagnosis is determined by checking TB clinic notes at 3 months post referral.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Time to diagnostic conclusion through smear microscopy and culture investigations is determined by checking TB clinic notes at 3 months post referral.
2. Time to onset of appropriate treatment is determined by checking TB clinic notes at 3 months post referral
3. Time to isolation for infectious cases is determined by checking hospital in-patient records at 3 months
4. Number of participants who develop active TB from the initial X-ray on the MXU is determined by checking surveillance record at 12 months post referral
Overall trial start date
01/03/2012
Overall trial end date
31/12/2016
Reason abandoned
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
Any hard to reach patient, 16 years of age or older with an abnormal chest X-ray suggestive of active pulmonary TB identified through MXU screening.
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
Planned Sample Size: 80; UK Sample Size: 80
Participant exclusion criteria
Persons who refuse to participate.
Recruitment start date
01/09/2013
Recruitment end date
31/10/2016
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Royal Free Hospital
Pond Street
London
NW3 2QG
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
Organisation
University College London
Sponsor details
Joint Research Office (Research Support Centre)
1st Floor
Maple House - Suite B
149 Tottenham Court Road
London
W1T 7DN
United Kingdom
+44 20 3447 5199
david.wilson@ucl.ac.uk
Sponsor type
Hospital/treatment centre
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
National Institute for Health Research
Alternative name(s)
NIHR
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Federal/National Government
Location
United Kingdom
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Not provided at time of registration
Intention to publish date
Participant level data
Not provided at time of registration
Results - basic reporting
Publication summary