Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
About 250 million (43%) children aged under five years in low- and middle-income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest percentage at 67% due to exposure to multiple risks, including poverty, malnutrition, poor health, and inadequate stimulation at home. In order to promote early childhood development (ECD), PATH is supporting the Ministry of Health in Siaya County to integrate ECD counselling and screening into routine facility-based health services and facilitate playbox sessions in health facility waiting areas, and further integrate parental counselling on early stimulation into home-based visits by community health workers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a healthcare system-integrated ECD intervention in terms of improvements in mother/caregiver ECD knowledge, attitudes and practices, as well as child growth and developmental outcomes. Furthermore, the study will also estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of the intervention from the provider’s perspective.
Who can participate?
Pregnant women aged 15+ years who are in their third trimester, using the ANC services in the selected facilities
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated into one of three groups. In group 1, mothers and children receive the health facility-based ECD intervention integrated into the routine facility-based Ministry of Health service touch-points. In addition, they receive home visits from Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) per the Ministry of Health-mandated schedule, but these home visits do not include any ECD content. In group 2, mothers and children dyads receive the health facility-based ECD intervention combined with the home-based ECD intervention integrated into routine CHV home visits. In group 3, mothers and children receive the current Ministry of Health standard care only, which includes routine immunization and supplementation services and CHV home visits that do not include ECD content. The mothers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding ECD (stimulation and responsive caregiving) is assessed using a structured questionnaire at the last trimester of pregnancy and at child age 2 months, 10 months, 18 months and 27 months.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The participants do not receive any direct benefit for participating in the study. However, the information they provide will be useful in informing policy and interventions that would benefit children and their community as a whole. The researchers do not anticipate any risk or harm to the participants as a result of this study beyond what they experience in their day to day activities.
Where is the study run from?
Bondo Sub-County (Kenya)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
May 2018 to October 2021
Who is funding the study?
ELMA Foundation (South Africa)
Who is the main contact?
Dr Elizabeth Kimani
Trial website
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
HCS/2016/14
Study information
Scientific title
Evaluation of the feasibility and effectiveness of a health facility-based combined with home-based early childhood development (ECD) intervention in Siaya County, Kenya
Acronym
Study hypothesis
1. The health facility-based and health facility-based plus home-based ECD intervention will result in high scores in terms of mother/caregiver ECD knowledge, attitudes and practices
2. The health facility-based and health facility-based plus home-based ECD intervention will result in a higher proportion of children aged 0-3 years achieving their developmental milestones, compared to those in the control group
3. The health facility-based and health facility-based plus home-based ECD intervention are operationally feasible in Kenya.
4. The health facility-based and home-based ECD interventions are cost-effective in Kenya
5. There is an incremental advantage of the health facility-based plus home-based ECD intervention over the health facility based only intervention in terms of effect on caregiving practices and child growth and developmental outcomes for children aged 0-3 years
Ethics approval
Amref Health Africa Ethics and Scientific Review Committee, 16/03/2017, ref: P314/2017
Study design
Cluster randomized controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Child growth development
Intervention
Method of randomization: matched pairs design randomization.
Arm 1: mother/caregiver-child dyads will receive the health facility-based ECD intervention that will be integrated into the routine facility-based MOH service touch-points previously indicated. In addition, they will receive home visits from CHVs per the MOH-mandated schedule, but these home visits will not integrate any ECD content.
Arm 2: mother/caregiver-child dyads will receive the health facility-based ECD intervention combined with the home-based ECD intervention that will be integrated into routine CHV home visits.
Arm 3: mother/caregiver-child dyads will receive the current Ministry of Health’s standard care only, which includes routine immunization and supplementation services mentioned previously and CHV home visits that do not integrate ECD content.
Intervention type
Behavioural
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Caregiver’s knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding early child development (stimulation and responsive caregiving), assessed using structured questionnaire at:
T0 (Pre-birth) last trimester of pregnancy
T1 (Month 1-2) at child age 2 months
T2 (Month 9-10) at child age 10 months
T3 (Month 17-18) at child age 18 months
T4 (Month 25-28) at child age 27 months
Secondary outcome measures
1. Child growth and developmental outcomes, assessed using Ages and Stages Questionnaire Version 3 (ASQ-3)
2. Caregiver practice, assessed using Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)
3. Operational feasibility and cost and cost-effectiveness of the health facility-based plus home-based ECD intervention
Measured at:
T0 (Pre-birth) last trimester of pregnancy
T1 (Month 1-2) at child age 2 months
T2 (Month 9-10) at child age 10 months
T3 (Month 17-18) at child age 18 months
T4 (Month 25-28) at child age 27 months
Overall trial start date
17/05/2018
Overall trial end date
10/10/2021
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Pregnant women aged 15+ years who are in their third trimester
2. Using the ANC services in the selected facilities
3. Provide consent to participate in the study
4. All the children will be recruited shortly after birth - this will include children with any form of disability as the intervention also targets such children
Participant type
Mixed
Age group
Mixed
Gender
Female
Target number of participants
699
Participant exclusion criteria
Caregivers with mental impairment
Recruitment start date
17/05/2018
Recruitment end date
10/08/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Kenya
Trial participating centre
Bondo Sub-County
40601
Kenya
Sponsor information
Organisation
African Population and Health Research Center
Sponsor details
PO Box 10787
Nairobi
00100
Kenya
Sponsor type
Research organisation
Website
Funders
Funder type
Charity
Funder name
ELMA Foundation
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
foundation
Location
South Africa
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
The trialists expect to submit the protocol for publication after the registration process is complete. To communicate the study findings, they have set plans to publish at least three articles in Open Access peer-reviewed scientific journals. One article will be published soon after baseline analysis in December 2018. The remaining articles will be published after the midline and endline data analysis at least one year after the end of the intervention.
IPD sharing statement
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are/will be available upon request from Dr Elizabeth Kimani-Murage (info@aphrc.org). The study will use a mixed methods approach combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, records review, checklists, and direct measurements. In line with APHRC’s data sharing policies and with approval of the partners (funding agency) the primary data will be made available in a timely manner and in an anonymized, user-friendly format to external users through the online APHRC Microdata Portal. The data will be released to the public domain two years after the release of analytical data sets (i.e. after finalization of data cleaning). The 24-month embargo will enable the research team to finalize publications addressing core study objectives and allow other interested host organization staff to use the data. Graduate students seeking to use the data for writing their theses and dissertations before the embargo can be given permission to use such data if they are supervised by collaborative partners or if they are former employees of APHRC. Difference-in-Differences (DID) will be used as the main analytical method of the data since the study design is a cluster randomised controlled trial with before and after measurement on the same individuals. The DID will be used to estimate the average difference between outcome values for the two groups (intervention and control groups) at baseline and during the follow up periods. For the qualitative data, the trialists will develop codes and identify emerging themes. They have an informed consent document which comprises an information sheet and consent certificate. Participants’ consent is sought during the recruitment process, and will be sought at future contact periods when data is being collected. The trialists have already obtained scientific approval from the internal scientific review committee at the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). Ethical approval was sought and obtained from the Amref Health Africa’s Ethical and Scientific Review Committee (ESRC).
Intention to publish date
10/10/2022
Participant level data
Available on request
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list