Plain English Summary
Plain English summary as of 01/10/2018:
Background and study aims
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a long term condition where sufferers have difficulty controlling their blood sugar (glucose) as they do not produce enough insulin to function properly (insulin deficiency), or that the body’s cells don’t react to insulin as they should do (insulin resistance). Pre-diabetes is a condition where a person’s blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but nor high enough to be classified as T2DM. If left untreated, then pre-diabetes can turn into T2DM. T2DM and pre-diabetes are a growing problem worldwide, and healthcare systems in many countries are struggling to help patients effectively manage and control their conditions. This study is looking at a community component for helping prevent and manage T2DM. The aim of this study is to evaluate the added benefit of a community component for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in addition to standard care at health centres.
Who can participate?
Residents of participating communities aged between 30 and 75 who have high risk of diabetes or have pre-diabetes or T2DM.
What does the study involve?
Health centres and their catchment areas are randomly allocated to one of the two study groups. In the first group, participants receive standard facility-based care, which involves the usual care provided in each setting. Those in the second group receive a community component through a linked peer support system in addition to standard care. This involves use of community health workers or community link teams where possible to link the facility and community components. In Uganda, because available diabetes care is not yet of the required standard, the facility-based care is optimized to the level of the required standard of care, there is an additional study group, who receive the routine usual care that is currently available in Uganda. In Sweden, the peer support component will follow a peer mentoring format and consists of a care companion with whom the participant performs tasks to improve their skills to manage their diabetes or pre-diabetes by promoting healthy diet and physical activity. At the start of the study and after 12 months, participants have blood tests in order assess the blood sugar control in each group. In addition the costs and any negative effects of the programs are recorded.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participating in this study will provide participants with the necessary skills to manage their diabetes or pre-diabetes through material and resources to help, understand and explore appropriate self-care strategies and lifestyle changes to control blood sugar or engage in the appropriate lifestyle activities. Through peer groups and healthy lifestyle buddies, they will get a forum to discuss difficult issues or challenges and support from others with similar experiences to find solutions that will work for them and their family. In addition, participants will also receive ongoing support from the health centres and the research team during the study period. There are very few risks involved with participating, although some participants may experience pain, swelling or bruising following blood sample collection.
Where is the study run from?
1. At 9 primary health centers in two rural districts of Iganga and Mayuge in Uganda
2. At 2 community health centers (CHCs) in the Khayelitsha township in Cape Town in the Western Cape, South Africa
3. At 2 urban districts within Stockholm municipality, Sweden
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
February 2017 to August 2018
Who is funding the study?
European Commission (Belgium)
Who is the main contact?
1. Dr Meena Daivadanam (scientific)
2. Ms Linda Timm (public)
3. Dr Francis Kasujja (public)
4. Miss Kululwa Ndayi (public)
5. Professor David Guwatudde (scientific)
Previous plain English summary:
Background and study aims
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a long term condition where sufferers have difficulty controlling their blood sugar (glucose) as they do not produce enough insulin to function properly (insulin deficiency), or that the body’s cells don’t react to insulin as they should do (insulin resistance). Pre-diabetes is a condition where a person’s blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but nor high enough to be classified as T2DM. If left untreated, then pre-diabetes can turn into T2DM. T2DM and pre-diabetes are a growing problem worldwide, and healthcare systems in many countries are struggling to help patients effectively manage and control their conditions. This study is looking at a community component for helping prevent and manage T2DM. The aim of this study is to evaluate the added benefit of a community component for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in addition to standard care at health centres.
Who can participate?
Residents of participating communities aged between 30 and 75 who have pre-diabetes or T2DM.
What does the study involve?
Health centres and their catchment areas are randomly allocated to one of two groups. In the first group, participants receive minimal facility-based care, which involves the usual care provided in each setting. Those in the second group receive a community component through a linked peer support system in addition to standard care. This involves use of community health workers or community link teams where possible to link the facility and community components. In Uganda, there is an additional study group, who receive the routine care that is currently available in Uganda. At the start of the study and after 12 months, participants have blood tests in order assess the blood sugar control in each group. In addition the costs and any negative effects of the programs are recorded.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participating in this study will provide participants with the necessary skills to manage their diabetes or pre-diabetes through material and resources to help, understand and explore appropriate self-care strategies and lifestyle changes to control blood sugar or engage in the appropriate lifestyle activities. Through peer groups, they will get a forum to discuss difficult issues or challenges and support from others with similar experiences to find solutions that will work for them and their family. In addition, participants will also receive ongoing support from the health centres and the research team during the study period. There are very few risks involved with participating, although some participants may experience pain, swelling or bruising following blood sample collection.
Where is the study run from?
1. At 9 primary health centers in two rural districts of Iganga and Mayuge in Uganda
2. At 2 community health centers (CHCs) in the Khayelitsha township in Cape Town in the Western Cape, South Africa
3. At 2 urban districts within Stockholm municipality, Sweden
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
February 2017 to August 2018
Who is funding the study?
European Commission (Belgium)
Who is the main contact?
1. Dr Meena Daivadanam (scientific)
2. Ms Linda Timm (public)
3. Dr Francis Kasujja (public)
4. Miss Kululwa Ndayi (public)
5. Professor David Guwatudde (scientific)
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Dr Meena Daivadanam
ORCID ID
Contact details
Widerströmska Huset
Plan 4
Tomtebodavägen 18a
Stockholm
17177
Sweden
Type
Public
Additional contact
Ms Linda Timm
ORCID ID
Contact details
Widerströmska huset
Plan 4
Tomtebodavägen 18a
Stockholm
17177
Sweden
Type
Public
Additional contact
Dr Francis Kasujja
ORCID ID
Contact details
Makerere University School of Public Health
Upper Mulago Hill Road
Kampala
7072
Uganda
Type
Public
Additional contact
Miss Kululwa Ndayi
ORCID ID
Contact details
University of the Western Cape School of Public Health
Robert Sobukwe Road
Belville
7535
South Africa
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Prof David Guwatudde
ORCID ID
Contact details
Makerere University School of Public Health
New Mulago Hill Road
Kampala
7072
Uganda
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
643692
Study information
Scientific title
Implementation of a contextualized self-management approach to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes
Acronym
SMART2D
Study hypothesis
Primary hypothesis:
Addition of a community component to existing and standardized facility care will lead to a reduction in blood glucose values as measured by HbA1c between baseline and after 12 months in individuals with type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes.
Secondary hypothesis:
Addition of a community component to existing and standardized facility care will improve self-management outcomes related to self-care (such as medication and follow-up indicators) and lifestyle (such as healthy diet and increased physical activity) for type 2 diabetes and related to lifestyle for pre-diabetes between baseline and after 12 months.
Ethics approval
Current ethics approvals:
1. Higher Degrees, Research and Ethics Committee of Makerere University School of Public Health (426)
2. Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS 2118)
3. South Africa from the Biomedical Science Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Western Cape (BM/17/1/36)
4. Sweden from the Regional Ethical Board in Stockholm (2016/2521-31/1)
Previous information about ethics approval:
1. Higher Degrees,Research and Ethics Committee (HDREC) of Makerere University School of Public Health (Uganda)
2. Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST), 26/07/2016, ref: 426 (Uganda)
3. The Senate Research Committee of the University of the Western Cape, awaiting approval (South Africa)
4. Regional Ethical Board in Stockholm, awaiting approval (Sweden)
Study design
Study design as of 01/10/2018:
Pragmatic cluster randomised trial in South Africa and Uganda and Sweden. The Swedish component focuses on feasibility of implementation.
Previous study design:
Pragmatic cluster randomised trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
Community
Trial type
Other
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes
Intervention
Intervention as of 01/10/2018:
Health facilities and their catchment areas are designated as clusters. Clusters are randomized to either a facility-only intervention arm (defined as standard facility-based care, which is usually the routine care), or a facility + community intervention arm (standard facility-based care complemented by community components). Since routine care in Uganda is inadequate, they have a third comparison arm of routine care.
Control arm: Participants in the control arm receive standard facility-based care as represented by standardized routine facility care in each setting. This involves the:
1. Organization of care process to ensure the availability of functioning minimal infrastructure and equipment needed for diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and the use of appropriate diagnostic and treatment guidelines
2. Strengthening patient role in self-management through a behavioural coaching component during baseline and follow-up visits, providing participants with an overview of their care process and their role and access to measuring devices to self-monitor weight, blood pressure or blood sugar as required.
Intervention arm: Participants will receive a community component through a linked peer support system in addition to the standard facility-based care. The community component includes:
1. Community mobilization through messages on lifestyle and diabetes for community member and key stakeholders
2. Strengthening support from the environment for diabetes prevention and management through a participant peer group programme and care companions or healthy lifestyle buddies and the promotion of a supportive physical environment
3. Use of community extension such as community health workers or community link teams where possible to link the facility and community components.
Standard care arm (Uganda only): Participants receive routine care as is currently available in the Ugandan setting.
The details of the site-specific adaptations of the intervention framework and its implementation are outlined in the SMART2D intervention protocol.
Data will be collected at baseline and end-line at months 0 and 12 respectively in all study arms in the three sites. Process and quality checks to track the progress and participation in the interventions will be carried out from months 1-11.
Previous intervention:
Health facilities and their catchment areas are designated as clusters. Clusters are randomized to either a facility-only intervention arm (defined as minimal facility-based standardized care, which is usually the routine care), or a facility + community intervention arm (minimal facility-based standardized care complemented by community components). Since routine care in Uganda is inadequate, they have a third comparison arm of routine care.
Control arm: Participants in the control arm receive minimal facility-based care as represented by standardized routine facility care in each setting. This involves the:
1. Organization of care process to ensure the availability of functioning minimal infrastructure and equipment needed for diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and the use of appropriate diagnostic and treatment guidelines
2. Strengthening patient role in self-management through a behavioural coaching component during baseline and follow-up visits, providing participants with an overview of their care process and their role and access to measuring devices to self-monitor weight, blood pressure or blood sugar as required.
Intervention arm: Participants will receive a community component through a linked peer support system in addition to the minimal facility-based standardized care. The community component includes:
1. Community mobilization through messages on lifestyle and diabetes for community member and key stakeholders
2. Strengthening support from the environment for diabetes prevention and management through a participant peer group programme and care companions or healthy lifestyle buddies and the promotion of a supportive physical environment
3. Use of community extension such as community health workers or community link teams where possible to link the facility and community components.
Standard care arm (Uganda only): Participants receive routine care as is currently available in the Ugandan setting.
The details of the site-specific adaptations of the intervention framework and its implementation are outlined in the SMART2D intervention protocol.
Data will be collected at baseline and end-line at months 0 and 12 respectively in all study arms in the three sites. Process and quality checks to track the progress and participation in the interventions will be carried out from months 1-11.
Intervention type
Mixed
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Plasma glucose, as measured by HbA1c levels between baseline and 12 months
Secondary outcome measures
1. Incidence of diabetes as measured by HbA1c levels between baseline and 12 months
2. Incidence of conversion from pre-diabetes state to normal plasma glucose level state as measured by HbA1c levels between baseline and 12 months
3. Adverse events, including hospitalizations due to hypo- or hyperglycemia, morbidity, as measured by self-reported data using interview schedules at month 12
4. Incremental costs to the system related to implementation of the intervention as estimated through costing questionnaire for facility and community components between months 3-10
5. Out-of-pocket expenditure for diabetes – comparison between country sites and change in cost to the individual – through self-reported out-of-pocket expenditure using interview schedules at baseline and 12 months
6. Evaluation of the intervention process through Likert-scaled questionnaires, focusing on treatment satisfaction, knowledge about diabetes, autonomy support, self-efficacy, social support and sources of support, measured at baseline and 12 months
7. Differences between the country sites, in regard to baseline contextual factors relating to infrastructure, guidelines and personnel for prevention and management of diabetes as measured by facility checklist questionnaires between months 3-10
8. Degree of implementation of the intervention elements in each country, and differences between the country sites, through a process evaluation at each site using tracking forms, checklists and qualitative methods between months 2-11
9. Differences between the country sites, and changes within these contexts, as a result of implementing the intervention elements such as stigma towards overweight or obese individuals, security concerns in public spaces, and collaboration between primary care, municipalities and local networks through qualitative methods after 10 months
10. Assessment of the food environment in each site and comparison between the three country sites using a modified EPOCH (Environmental Profile of a Country’s Health) questionnaire between months 6-10
Overall trial start date
30/01/2017
Overall trial end date
31/03/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria as of 01/10/2018:
1. Currently residing in, and have resided in their respective communities for at least 6 months prior to enrolment
2. Aged between 30 – 75 years
3. Have no plans of migrating out of the study area over the next 12 months from the date of enrolment
4. Able to provide written informed consent
5. Agree to home visits and follow-up contacts as part of study participation
6. Have not been previously diagnosed with diabetes for longer than 12 months
7. Have a positive confirmatory test of pre-diabetes or diabetes
Previous inclusion criteria:
1. Current residents who have resided in their respective communities for at least 6 months prior to enrolment into the study
2. Aged 30 – 75 years
3. Able to provide written informed consent
4. Agree to allow home visits or follow-up contacts as part of participating in the trial
5. Have a positive confirmatory test of pre-diabetes or diabetes following screening or within past 12 months of trial start. In Sweden, this includes high risk of diabetes based on FINDRISC scores.
Previous inclusion criteria as of 16/10/2017:
1. Currently residing in, and have resided in their respective communities for at least 6 months prior to enrollment
2. Aged between 30 – 75 years
3. Have no plans of migrating out of the study area over the next 12 months from the date of enrollment
4. Able to provide written informed consent
5. Agree to home visits and follow-up contacts as part of study participation
6. Have not been previously diagnosed with diabetes for longer than 12 months
7. Have a positive confirmatory test of pre-diabetes or diabetes
Previous inclusion criteria:
1. Current residents who have resided in their respective communities for at least 6 months prior to enrollment into the study
2. Aged 30 – 75 years
3. Able to provide written informed consent
4. Agree to allow home visits or follow-up contacts as part of participating in the trial
5. Have a positive confirmatory test of pre-diabetes or diabetes following screening or within past 12 months of trial start
Participant type
Mixed
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
The total number of clusters across all three study sites will be 13, with 1,869 expected participants. Minimum numbers for each site are as follows: 1) South Africa: 2 clusters, 292 participants per arm (142 with pre-diabetes, 150 with diabetes); 2) Sweden: 2 clusters, 58 participants per arm (With high risk of diabetes or have pre-diabetes or diabetes) - total of at least 118 participants; and 3) 3) Uganda: 9 clusters, 265 participants per arm (124 with pre-diabetes, 141 with diabetes) - total of at least 795 participants. Sample size in Sweden has been modified due to the change in focus to feasibility of implementation.
Participant exclusion criteria
Current exclusion criteria as of 16/10/2017:
1. Pregnancy
2. Serious mental disability
Previous exclusion criteria:
1. Currently known to be pregnant
2. Plans of migrating out of the study area over the next 12 months from the date of enrollment into the study
3. Previous diagnosis of diabetes, 12 months prior to enrollment into the study
Recruitment start date
30/01/2017
Recruitment end date
31/10/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
South Africa, Sweden, Uganda
Trial participating centre
Karolinska Institutet
Widerströmska huset, Tomtebodavägen 18a
Stockholm
17177
Sweden
Trial participating centre
Maker ere University School of Public Health
New Mulago Hill Road
Kampala
7072
Uganda
Trial participating centre
University of the Western Cape School of Public Health
Robert Sobukwe Road
Cape Town
7535
South Africa
Sponsor information
Organisation
European Commission
Sponsor details
DG Research & Innovation
Brussels
B-1049
Belgium
Sponsor type
Government
Website
http://ec.europa.eu/research/index.cfm?lg=en
Organisation
Swedish International Development Agency
Sponsor details
Valhallavägen 199
Stockholm
115 53
Sweden
Sponsor type
Government
Website
Organisation
Karolinska Institutet Research Foundation Grants for young scientists
Sponsor details
Department of Public Health Sciences
Karolinska Institutet
Widerströmska Huset
Floor 4
Tomtebodavägen 18A
Stockholm
171 77
Sweden
Sponsor type
University/education
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
European Commission
Alternative name(s)
EC
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Federal/National Government
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Current publication and dissemination plan as of 16/10/2017:
1. Site-specific papers on formative research leading up to the intervention development in various stages of drafting to submissions from June 2016
2. Cross site papers on SMART2D concept, trial protocol, intervention development and cross-lessons planned for 2017
3. Cross site papers on baseline data planned for 2018
4. Disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and through local and international scientific meetings.
Previous publication and dissemination plan:
1. Cross site papers on SMART2D concept, protocol, intervention development and cross-lessons planned for 2017
2. Site-specific papers on formative research leading up to the intervention development in various stages of drafting to submissions from June 2016
3. Cross site papers on baseline data planned for 2018
IPD Sharing plan:
The current data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date
Intention to publish date
31/12/2019
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2018 protocol in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29550780