Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Gout is a common arthritis that affects one in forty people in the UK. It results from a high level of uric acid in the body which forms urate crystals inside the joints. From time to time, these crystals shake loose from their deposit and cause severe joint pain and swelling. These flares usually last for one to two weeks. Flares are treated with anti-inflammatory tablets such as ibuprofen. However, anti-inflammatory tablets do not dissolve the urate crystals. Other tablets such as allopurinol can lower the uric acid level to below a target level, and slowly dissolve the crystals. These are safe treatments that have been used for many years. However, whether their use reduces the number of gout flares is unknown. The aims of this study are to find out if long-term use of tablets such as allopurinol reduces the number of gout flares and improves well-being, and to also find out if this treatment is cost-effective for the NHS.
Who can participate?
Patients aged 18 and over with gout who have had a flare of gout in the previous 12 months
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to receive one of the following two treatments: allopurinol with the dose gradually increased aimed at reducing blood uric acid to below target level,or usual gout care from their GP including the option to start allopurinol depending on symptoms. People in the first group need treatment visits with a practice nurse in order to adjust the dose of allopurinol to reduce uric acid level sufficiently to allow the urate crystals to dissolve. In addition to the visits to increase the dose of allopurinol, there are three other visits for people taking part in the study. These visits occur at study start, and yearly for two years. Information on health, wellbeing and medication use are collected, and blood pressure, height, weight, kidney function and uric acid level are measured at the visits. People taking part in the study are asked to record details of each gout flare they experience while in the study. The main outcome of the study is the number and severity of gout flares. This and the other information collected are compared between the groups. The cost of treatment and overall wellbeing are used to find out if this treatment is cost-effective for the NHS. After the two-year study ends, participants are asked to continue to provide information about gout flares for a further two years. Information about other illnesses, hospital admissions and medications prescribed are collected from their GP. The information collected is compared between the groups.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Any medications that will be advised to use for gout in this study will be currently available treatments that will be prescribed in line with guidelines. As with any medication, the treatments for gout can sometimes cause side effects but it is rare to suffer any serious upset. The researchers currently do not know the benefit to patients taking part in the study. However, this study will help them to learn more about how gout should be treated and improve the care of patients with gout in the future.
Where is the study run from?
The study is being run from the University of Nottingham and Keele Clinical Trials Unit are managing the study. The study is recruiting patients in East Midlands, West Midlands and Wessex (UK)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
The study plans to start recruitment in summer 2019 and patients will be in the study for 2 years with an additional 2-year long term follow-up.
Who is funding the study?
National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Emily Hughes
e.hughes@keele.ac.uk
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Dr Abhishek Abhishek
ORCID ID
Contact details
Nottingham City Hospital
Nottingham
NG51PB
United Kingdom
+44 (0)1782 732950
abhishek.abhishek@nottingham.ac.uk
Type
Public
Additional contact
Miss Emily Hughes
ORCID ID
Contact details
Keele University
Staffordshire
ST5 5BG
United Kingdom
+44 (0)1782 732950
e.hughes@keele.ac.uk
Type
Public
Additional contact
Mrs Susie Hennings
ORCID ID
Contact details
Keele University
Staffordshire
ST5 5BG
United Kingdom
+44 01782 732950
s.h.j.hennings@keele.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
Nil known
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Nil known
Protocol/serial number
19023; HTA 17/82/02
Study information
Scientific title
What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of using a goal-directed allopurinol-based treat-to-target protocol in people with recurrent gout flares?
Acronym
T2T
Study hypothesis
To evaluate the effectiveness of allopurinol-based treat-to-target ULT versus usual general practitioner (GP) care on number of gout flares over two years.
Ethics approval
Approved 10/06/2019, North West - Liverpool East Research Ethics Committee (Barlow House, 3rd Floor, 4 Minshull Street, Manchester, M1 3DZ; Tel: +44 (0)207 104 8345, +44 (0)207 104 8019; Email: nrescommittee.northwest-liverpooleast@nhs.net), ref: 19/NW/0310
Study design
Parallel-arm multicentre randomised controlled trial with one-year internal pilot and two-year long-term extension phase
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
GP practices
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use contact details to request a participant information sheet
Condition
Gout
Intervention
Participants will be randomised to one of two interventions. Randomisation: 1:1 individual randomisation stratified by region and prior intolerance to Colchicine.
Intervention arm 1: Allopurinol-based treat-to-target Urate Lowering Treatment (ULT) (delivered by practice nurses in primary care). Patients will have commence on a dose of 100 mg of allopurinol or have this increased by 100 mg if already on treatment. Treatment will follow ‘a treatment-to-target’ approach, i.e. patients will be prescribed low-dose ULT initially, and the dose increased monthly, guided by blood-test results, until the urate level is sufficiently below the saturation point (i.e. less than 360 μmol/L). Other ULTs will be prescribed if allopurinol is not tolerated.
Intervention arm 2: Usual GP care: Patients will be advised to consult their GP as usual and receive treatment for gout flares and urate lowering treatment according to GP’s usual practice.
Each participant in the study for 4 years, 2 years each in the RCT and long-term extension respectively.
Intervention type
Drug
Phase
Not Applicable
Drug names
Allopurinol
Primary outcome measure
Number of gout flares in the first 2 years measured by patient initiated SMS service or acute gout flare diary
Secondary outcome measures
1. Number of gout flares in months 1-12, measured by self-report using SMS or gout flare diary
2. Number of gout flares in months 13-24, measured by self-report using SMS or gout flare diary
3. Tophus count, measured by visual inspection at baseline, year 1 and year 2
4. Size of largest tophus, measured using vernier calipers at baseline, year 1 and year 2
5. Daily pain score measured by self-report using SMS or gout flare diary during gout flare
6. Quality of life measured by EQ-5D-5L during gout flares
7. GIS after flare resolution, measured by completing a questionnaire at baseline, year 1 and year 2 and during gout flares
8. Serum urate: proportion hitting the target serum urate level (<360 µmol/L) and continuous variable at year 1 and 2, measured from a blood sample taken at baseline and year 1 and year 2 post randomisation research visits
9. Quality of life measured by EQ-5D-5L between gout flares at baseline, year 1 and year 2
10. ULT (name and dose) measured by self-report during treatment visits and at year 1 and year 2
11. Treatment satisfaction measured by TSQM-II at year 1 and year 2 post randomisation
12. Returned pill count documented on a CRF at research year 1 and year 2 post randomisation visits
13. Compliance with ULT measured by MMAS-8 scale at year 1 and year 2
14. Serum creatinine and estimated GFR measured from a blood test at screening, year 1 and year 2 and during treatment visits in the intervention arm
15. Urine albumin-creatinine ratio measured from a urine sample at baseline, year 1 and year 2
16. Primary-care consultations for gout, measured by self-report and general practice record search at year 4
17. Hospitalizations due to gout, measured by self-report and general practice record search at year 4
18. Other prescriptions for treating flares of gout, measured by general practice record search at year 4
19. Investigations for gout, measured by general practice record search at year 4
20. Incident cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, measured by general practice record search at year 4
21. Incidence or progression of CKD, measured by: general practice record search at year 4
22. Death, measured by general practice record search at year 4
23. Adverse events (AE), measured by self-report at 2 years
24. Cost-effectiveness, measured by health economic analysis of all data at 2 years
Overall trial start date
01/01/2019
Overall trial end date
01/08/2025
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Age ≥18 years
2. Ability to give informed consent
3. Meets the clinical American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria for gout
4. ≥1 flare of gout in the previous 12 months
5. Serum urate ≥360 μmol/L regardless of current ULT
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
466
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Previous allopurinol side-effects that contraindicate its prescription
2. Dementia, severe enduring mental illness i.e. mental health illness that makes receiving the study information and initial screening questionnaire from GP a stressful experience
3. Unable to comply with study procedures
4. Life expectancy less than 12 months
5. Cancer treatment, i.e. surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy in the previous 12 months
6. Solid organ transplant
7. Cirrhosis
8. Autoimmune rheumatic disease i.e. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, inflammatory arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
9. Inflammatory bowel disease
10. Current long-term daily oral corticosteroid treatment defined as continuous use for ≥30 days or current immunosuppressive treatments
11. Stage 4/5 CKD i.e. eGFR < 30 ml/min
12. Pregnant, breastfeeding or planning to become pregnant in the next 4 years
Recruitment start date
30/06/2019
Recruitment end date
30/05/2021
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
East Midland Clinical Research Network
Level 1 Knighton Street Outpatients
Leicester Royal Infirmary
Leicester
LE1 5WW
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
West Midland Clinical Research Network
Unit 9 Greyfriars Business Park
Greyfriars Road
Frank Foley Way
Stafford,
ST16 2ST
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Wessex Clinical Research Network
Unit 7, Berrywood Business Village
Tollbar Way
Hedge End
Southampton
SO30 2UN
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
Organisation
University of Nottingham
Sponsor details
East Atrium Jubilee Conference Centre
Jubilee Campus
Nottingham
NG81DH
United Kingdom
+44 (0)1158467906
sponsor@nottingham.ac.uk
Sponsor type
University/education
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
National Institute for Health Research
Alternative name(s)
NIHR
Funding Body Type
unknown
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
The protocol will be available on the NIHR HTA journals library but has yet to be published. The results of this study will be shared at medical conferences and through publication in academic journals.
IPD sharing statement
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study will be available upon request from the Chief Investigator. Requests should be emailed to the sponsor using the sponsor contact details, in which an external data request process will be initiated and considered. Consent from participants will be obtained for use of anonymous data in future research and will be available for 7 years after the study has ended.
Intention to publish date
01/08/2025
Participant level data
Available on request
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list