Plain English Summary
Background and study aims:
The UK still has the worst rate of teenage pregnancy in Western Europe despite recent declines and the success of the teenage pregnancy strategy. Even after controlling for prior disadvantage, teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse medical, social, educational and economic outcomes for both mothers and children. The aim of this study is to develop, feasibility test and pilot ‘Positive Choices’: a new school-based sex and relationships programme that aims to prevent unintended teenage pregnancies and improve sexual health. Researchers from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine are collaborating with the National Children's Bureau Sex Education Forum (NCB SEF) and one London secondary school to develop the intervention. Following initial feasibility testing in the school that helped to develop the intervention and refinement of the programme based on what we find out, ‘Positive Choices’ in a further four state secondary schools, using two others as comparison sites. This will evaluate how feasible it is to implement Positive Choices in secondary schools in England and whether staff and students like it. This study is not intended to tell if Positive Choices is effective in reducing unintended teenage pregnancies or improving sexual health, but should help us understand if it is practical and worthwhile to carry out a larger study that could help us find this out. This initial study is important because a larger study looking at effects on pregnancies and sexual health would be much long term and expensive.
Who can participate?
Secondary school students nearing the end of year eight at the start of the trial.
What does the study involve?
Positive Choices has six core elements. It involves a school needs assessment so that the programme can be tailored to each individual school, a School Health Promotion Council to involve staff and students in organising and promoting the programme in their school, classroom education on emotions and relationships (not just the biology of sex), students running campaigns in their school highlighting the importance of making informed decisions about relationships, sex and parenthood; parent information; and a review of school sexual health services. Positive Choices is implemented and feasibility tested in the school that helped to develop it in phases across the course of one academic year and the refined in light of what we find out. In the pilot, involving six further English secondary schools, all students nearing the end of year 8 are asked to complete a questionnaire to find out about their knowledge and attitudes towards sexual health. Schools are then randomly allocated to one of two groups. Four of the schools receive the refined Positive Choices programme, while two continue with their usual sex and relationships provision. The programme is assessed through observation, staff surveys, log books and staff and student interviews and focus groups. Measures for testing how well the programme has worked are also assessed through a follow up survey students are asked to complete at the end of year-9, 12 months after the first questionnaire.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participants may benefit from being able to make more informed decisions about relationships, sex and parenthood and are unlikely to experience any physical or psychological harm, either because of the intervention or the research study. However, all participants are offered information about sources of support. Existing reviews suggest sex education is extremely unlikely to bring about increases in sexual activity and risk taking. Positive Choices is informed by the strongest international evidence on of effective interventions.
Where is the study run from?
The study is being run by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
April 2017 to December 2019
Who is funding the study?
The National Institute of Health Research (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Professor Chris Bonell
Chris.Bonell@lshtm.ac.uk
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Prof Chris Bonell
ORCID ID
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-6498
Contact details
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
15-17 Tavistock Place
London
WC1H 9SH
United Kingdom
+ 44 (0)20 7612 7918
chris.bonell@lshtm.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
National Institute of Health Research Public Health Research Programme project number: PHR 14/184/02
Study information
Scientific title
Optimisation, feasibility testing and pilot randomised trial of Positive Choices: a school-based social marketing intervention to promote sexual health, prevent unintended teenage pregnancies and address health inequalities in England
Acronym
Study hypothesis
Research Questions:
1. Is it possible to optimise Positive Choices in collaboration with NCB SEF, a secondary school and other stakeholders?
2. Is it feasible and acceptable to implement each component of this intervention in the secondary school involved in optimisation and what refinements are suggested?
3. In the light of a pilot RCT across 6 schools, is progression to a phase III trial justified in terms of pre-specified criteria: the intervention is implemented with fidelity in ≥3 of 4 intervention schools; process evaluation indicates that the intervention is acceptable to a majority of students and staff involved in implementation; randomisation occurs and ≥5 of 6 schools accept randomization and continue within the study; student questionnaire follow up rates are ≥80% in ≥5 of 6 schools; and linkage of self-report and routine administrative data on pregnancies is feasible.
4. Are secondary outcome and covariate measures reliable and what refinements are suggested?
5. With what rates are schools recruited to and retained in the trial?
6. What level of student reach does the intervention achieve?
7. What do qualitative data suggest in terms of intervention mechanisms and refinements to programme theory and theory of change?
8. How do contextual factors appear to influence implementation, receipt and mechanisms of action?
9. Are any potential harms suggested and how might these be reduced?
10. What sexual health related activities occur in and around control schools?
11. Are methods for economic evaluation in a phase III trial feasible?
Ethics approval
The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee, 21/03/2017, ref: 11927
Study design
Part 1: Facilitated, systematic optimisation of the Positive Choices intervention.
Part 2: Formative feasibility assessment of intervention components in one secondary school and refinement.
Part 3: External pilot cluster randomised controlled trial across six schools with integral process evaluation and economic evaluation feasibility study.
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
Schools
Trial type
Prevention
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Unintended teenage pregnancy and sexual health
Intervention
This study consists of three parts.
Part 1:
This phase of the study consists of the facilitated, systematic optimisation of the Positive Choices intervention. ‘Positive Choices’ is a manualised social marketing intervention comprising the following components:
1. A student needs survey (drawing on baseline trial survey) of year 8 students which are used to enable each intervention component 3-6 below to be tailored to local priorities in each school.
2. A School Health Promotion Council which comprises of six staff/six students and review local needs data and will review this to tailor each intervention component 3-6 below, and then coordinate delivery of the intervention.
3. A classroom curriculum which addresss social/emotional skills (5 hours’ class time per year) and sex education (5 hours’ class time per year) delivered by school staff to increase the scalability and sustainability of the intervention informed by further consultation with schools. The curriculum is designed as a set of learning modules. Social and emotional skills modules cover: establishing respectful relationships in the classroom and the wider school; managing emotions; understanding and building trusting relationships; exploring others’ needs and avoiding conflict; and, maintaining and repairing relationships. Sexual health modules cover: healthy relationships; negotiation and communication skills; positive sexual health; sexual risk reduction; contraception; and local services. Informed by the needs-assessment data, School Health Promotion Councils select: in what order to deliver modules; whether to deliver within personal, social and health education (PSHE), tutor groups or integrated into other lessons (e.g. English); and whether to use our materials or existing materials if these conform to our curriculum.
4. Student-led social marketing which is facilitated by trained teachers and led by teams of 12-18 students per school. Campaigns may use social and other media, posters and events, and focuses on healthy relationships, sexual and human rights, delayed sex, and access to local services. Student social marketers use data from the student needs survey to segment the student population based on multiple characteristics such as existing knowledge and attitudes to sexual health as well as cultural styles (e.g. hip hop, skate) and peer group identifications (e.g. sporty boys, cool girls). The student social marketers use such information to design social marketing campaigns which address the most important topics among the groups who need interventions most.
5. Parent information – 3 newsletters, 2 homework assignments per year addressing parent-child communication.
6. Consultancy on school sexual health services. Our collaborators from the Sex Education Forum provides consultancy on how sexual health service provision might be developed in schools.
This study works with the National Children’s Bureau Sex Education Forum (NCB SEF) and one purposively sampled London secondary school to optimise and feasibility test Positive Choices. Optimisation occurs through a systematic process as follows:
1. Review by researchers and NCB SEF staff of existing systematic reviews and the evaluations of and, where appropriate, intervention materials from related programmes with strong evidence of reducing teenage pregnancy and/or improving sexual health.
2. Drafting of intervention resources by NCB SEF staff and the research team.
3. Consultation with staff and students from the secondary school, as well as the ALPHA young researchers’ group based at the DECIPHer Centre at Cardiff University and other stakeholders.
4. Refinement of intervention resources.
Part 2:
This phase of the study includes formative feasibility assessment and refinement of intervention components in one secondary school.
The intervention components is then be implemented in phases over one school year and assessed for feasibility and acceptability in the school involved in optimisation. Following this, intervention materials are refined before a pilot trial to be carried out with six secondary schools the following academic year (2018-19).
Part 3:
This phase of the study consists of the external pilot cluster randomised controlled trial across six schools with integral process evaluation and economic evaluation feasibility study. Six schools across south-east England are recruited (purposively varying by local deprivation and school level GCSE attainment). Schools will be recruited to the pilot RCT by a combination of mail outs, phone calls and prior networks including the UCL Partners School Health and Wellbeing Research Network. Response rates are recorded, as are any stated reasons for non-participation. Baseline surveys are carried out before randomisation as students near the end of year 8 (age 12/13) in June 2018. Prior to all data collection, students are given an information sheet and an oral description of the study, and have the chance to ask questions. Students are then be invited to assent to participate in data collection. As is conventional with UK trials in secondary schools (including of sexual health interventions) parents/guardians are sent a letter and detailed information sheet two weeks before data collection and asked to contact the school or research team should they not wish their child to participate in the trial. Paper questionnaires are completed confidentially in classrooms supervised by fieldworkers, with teachers remaining at the front of the class to maintain quiet and order, but unable to see student responses. Absent students are surveyed by leaving questionnaires and stamped addressed envelopes with schools.
After the baseline surveys with students at the end of year 8 (approximately 180 per school), schools are randomly allocated to either the intervention or the control groups remotely by LSHTM clinical trials unit, stratified by GCSE attainment, a key predictor of pregnancy. In the pilot, allocation is done 2:1 favouring the intervention (c.f. 1:1 in full trial), enabling us to pilot randomisation while minimising costs and ensuring sufficiently diversity for piloting.
Schools in the intervention arm receive the refined Positive Choices intervention over the course of one academic year. The control group continue with existing sex and relationships education programmes (usual treatment). The nature of control schools is assessed by examining provision in and around both control and intervention schools at baseline.
Students are followed up with surveys at the end of the academic year 2018/19 (12 months after baseline) when they are nearing the end of year 9. Although, the pilot's primary aim is not to assess intervention effects, but feasibility for progression to a phase III trial, outcome measures, including the linking of routine data on pregnancy and terminations to the study participants, and mediator analyses are piloted.
In phase one and two, feasibility and acceptability of the intervention is assessed using data collected via: audio-recording of NCB SEF training for school staff; surveys of school staff trained by NCB SEF; diaries (including time logbooks) of school staff implementing School Health Promotion Councils, curriculum and social marketing meetings; structured observations of School Health Promotion Councils, curriculum lessons and social marketing meetings; and individual or group interviews with NCB SEF staff, school staff (purposive by role/seniority) and year-9 students (purposive by gender and SES). Rich, contextual qualitative data is collected and analysed in order to explore potential mechanisms of action and thus refine our theory of change. These qualitative analyses examine how mechanisms may vary with context, students’ socio-demographic characteristics and/or other factors, in order to refine and optimise the intervention’s theory of change. Qualitative data is also analysed to explore any mechanisms that might give rise to unintended, potentially harmful consequences.
Intervention type
Behavioural
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Feasibility testing phase:
Meeting the criteria for progression to a pilot RCT (70% fidelity and 70% acceptability in one school) measured at 12 months by a tick box fidelity assessment, observations in the school where the intervention is implemented and interviews and focus groups with students and staff.
Pilot meeting the progression criteria to a phase III trial comprising:
1. The intervention is implemented with fidelity in ≥3 of 4 intervention schools
2. Process evaluation indicates that the intervention is acceptable to a majority of students and staff involved in implementation
3. Randomisation occurs and ≥5 of 6 schools accept randomization and continue within the study
4. Student questionnaire follow up rates are ≥80% in ≥5 of 6 schools
5. Linkage of self-report and routine administrative data on pregnancies and terminations is feasible.
These are measured at 12 months by a tick box fidelity assessment, observations in schools where the intervention is implemented, interviews and focus groups with students and staff, statistical assessment of survey follow up rates; and successful testing of data linkage.
In a phase III trial:
Unintended teenage pregnancy measured by linking routine data on births and terminations at 48 months (age 16/17) and secondary outcomes via self-reports at 24months (age 14/15) to study participants.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Pregnancy (initiation of pregnancy) and unintended pregnancy is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the RIPPLE Trial at 12 months
2. Sexually transmitted infections is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from Natsal3 at 12 months
3. Age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners, use of contraception at first and last sex is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the SHARE Trial and Natsal3 at 12 months
4. Non-volitional sex is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory at 12 months
5. Educational attainment is measured using school routine administrative data at 12 months.
6. School-level social norms supportive of positive relationships and sexual health are measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the Safer Choices trial at 12 months
7. Individual-level sexual health knowledge and skills and contraceptive skills and access is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the SHARE Trial at 12 months
8. Self-efficacy is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the SHARE Trial and the Sexual Communication Self-Efficacy Scale at 12 months
9. Sexual competence is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from Natsal3 at 12 months
10. Communication with parents is measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the RIPPLE Trial at 12 months
11. School engagement is measured using the Beyond Blue School Climate Self-Report Questionnaire at 12 months
12. Career and educational aspirations are measured using self-report questionnaire measures adapted from the RIPPLE Trial at 12 months
Overall trial start date
01/04/2017
Overall trial end date
31/12/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
Secondary school student nearing the end of year 8
Participant type
Healthy volunteer
Age group
Child
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
180 in optimisation aged 12-13. Approx 1080 for pilot RCT aged 12-13 at baseline and 13-14 at follow up.
Participant exclusion criteria
No students in participating schools will be excluded from our study. Those with mild learning difficulties or poor English will be supported to complete the questionnaire by fieldworkers. Private schools, pupil referral units or schools for those with learning disabilities are excluded. Boys’ (but not girls’) schools will be excluded from the pilot and full trial since our primary outcome focuses on unintended pregnancies among girls.
Recruitment start date
01/11/2017
Recruitment end date
31/03/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Clinical Trails Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
WC1H 9SH
Sponsor information
Organisation
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Sponsor details
Keppel Street
London
WC1E 7HT
United Kingdom
+44 (0)207 927 2626
RGIO@lshtm.ac.uk
Sponsor type
University/education
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Public Health Research Programme (project number 15/03/09)
Alternative name(s)
NIHR Public Health Research Programme, PHR
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Federal/National Government
Location
United Kingdom
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
As well as reporting in the NIHR Public Health Research journal, we would submit two open access papers to high impact journals reporting our key findings regarding process evaluation of integrated social marketing strategy and student/staff experiences of the intervention. We will present our findings at two international conferences (Society of Prevention Research; International Association for Adolescent Health) in 2019, as well as national conferences. We will disseminate the results to participating schools, to the ALPHA youth group based at DECIPHer, and to schools in the Institute of Education/UCLPartners School Health and Wellbeing Research Network and Healthy Schools London network, both of which we are already heavily involved in. We will draft an article for the Times Education Supplement about the research. The research team will also use blog-posts and Twitter to increase public awareness of the study. Knowledge exchange is built into the proposed work from the outset via the stakeholder group. We will present emerging findings at 2 meetings with policy stakeholders, including policy officials and public health commissioners in the UK nations. Two policy and practice dissemination events will be held: one seminar in partnership with Public Health England and one at the Association for Young People’s Health.
IPD sharing statement:
The current data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date.
Intention to publish date
31/12/2019
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2018 protocol in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29850026