Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Antivenoms (AVs) are the only specific treatment for preventing or reversing most of the snakebite envenomings (poisonous) effects. Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus are the most common types of snakebites in Brazil. In tropical areas, a major concern in snakebites treatment effectiveness is due to the failure in liquid AV distribution, because of the lack of an facilities being able to keep the AV cold. To minimize this problem, a freeze-drying process was suggested to improve AV stability. This study compares the safety and efficacy of a trivalent freeze-dried trivalent antivenom (FDTA), and the liquid available standard of care AV provided by the MoH (MoH AV), to treat Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon.
Who can participate?
Adults aged 12 to 70 who have Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus snakebites.
What does the study involve?
After admission to hospital and examination of the snakebites, participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. Those in the first group receive the freeze-dried AV therapy. Those in the second group receive the standard level of care AV therapy. After AV therapy, patients are admitted to the hospital ward for close monitoring during 24 hours. Participants are asked to attend the hospital seven and fifteen days after discharge. At follow-up visits, clinical examination was carried out and the s to investigate the venom and assess if there are any late adverse (harmful) reactions to AV therapy.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
There are no notable benefits with participating. There is a risk of reactions after AV therapy such as urticaria (hives), asthma, laryngeal (the area of the throat where voice comes from) edema (swelling), shock, and other complications.
Where is the study run from?
1. Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) (Brazil)
2. Hospital Geral de Roraima (Brazil)
3. Unidade Mista de Borba (Brazil)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
June 2003 to December 2008
Who is funding the study?
Brazilian Army (Brazil)
Who is the main contact?
1. Professor Jacqueline Sachett
jac.sachett@gmail.com
2. Professor Wuelton Monteiro
wueltonmm@gmail.com
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Prof Jacqueline Sachett
ORCID ID
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-9977
Contact details
Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD)
Avenida Pedro Teixeira
25
Dom Pedro
Manaus
69040-000
Brazil
+55 92 98151 8086
jac.sachett@gmail.com
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Prof Wuelton Monteiro
ORCID ID
Contact details
Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD)
Avenida Pedro Teixeira
25
Dom Pedro
Manaus
69040-000
Brazil
+55 92 99165 2486
wueltonmm@gmail.com
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
U1111-1196-9116
Study information
Scientific title
Safety and efficacy of freeze-dried trivalent antivenom for snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: An open randomized controlled phase IIb clinical trial
Acronym
Study hypothesis
There is safety and efficacy of a freeze-dried trivalent antivenom, and the available AV provided by the MoH, to treat Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon.
Ethics approval
Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Biologia do Exército (IBEx), 18/09/2003
Study design
Prospective randomized open phase IIb trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
No participant information sheet available
Condition
Snakebites
Intervention
After snakebite envenoming diagnosis, participants are randomly assigned to one of two arms with allocation ratio 1:1. The randomisation list is computer-generated. When a patient is considered to meet the inclusion criteria and had given her/his informed consent, the patient was formally recruited, and the patient's unique ID number was allocated in the Case Report Form (CRF). After admission, a CRF is filled with the patient's unique ID number, gender, area of occurrence of the snakebite (rural or urban), age (in years), ethnicity, education (in years), anatomical region of the bite, and time from bite to medical assistance (in hours). Clinical examination includes the observation of local and systemic manifestations. For Bothrops snakebites, laboratorial characterisation includes clotting time, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, International Normalized Ratio (INR), hemoglobin, leucocyte and platelet counts and plasma levels of fibrinogen, creatinine, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and creatine phosphokinase in the plasma. For Lachesis and Crotalus snakebites, laboratory characterization included clotting time, INR and plasma levels of fibrinogen, creatinine, urea, and activities of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and creatine phosphokinase in the plasma.
Twenty minutes after pre-medication with IV hydrocortisone (500 mg), IV cimetidine (300 mg) and oral dexchlorpheniramine (5 mg) (standardized according to local guidelines), AV therapy is given to participants from both arms in a dosage corresponding to mild or moderate envenomation based on the group they are in. Before administration, dissolution was observed visually as the FDTA vials were gently agitated by hand during one minute. AV therapy is given based on randomisation.
Group 1:
Participants in this group receive the freeze-dried trivalent antivenom (FDTA), produced under GMP conditions by Butantan Institute (São Paulo, Brazil) in partnership with Instituto de Biologia do Exército (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Group 2:
Participants receive the standard level of care AV available Bothrops, Bothrops-Lachesis and Bothrops-Crotalus AVs provided by the MoH (MoH AV).
In Brazil, snake AV production is standardised and all the AV production from the three national laboratories (Butantan Institute, Ezequiel Dias Foundation and Vital Brazil Institute) is acquired by the MoH for national distribution free of charge.
Analgesic drugs are given on demand for pain, the bitten limb is nursed in the most comfortable position, blisters were aspirated, necrotic tissue are surgically debrided, abscesses are drained, and antibiotic treatment is given accordingly.
After AV therapy, patients are admitted to the hospital ward for close monitoring during 24 hours. The same laboratorial tests referred above were repeated four hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after AV therapy. Patients are asked to attend the hospital seven and fifteen days after discharge. At follow-up visits, clinical examination is carried out and the and the laboratory tests are repeated, in order to investigate clinical evolution of the envenomations and occurrence of late adverse reaction to AV therapy. If the patient does not present for the follow-up visits, the investigator plans a domiciliary visit at the next day. Patients who do not present to hospital visits and are not found at domiciliary visits are considered lost to follow-up.
Intervention type
Drug
Phase
Phase II
Drug names
Freeze-dried trivalent antivenom
Primary outcome measures
Early adverse reactions of AV therapy is measured using the clinical examinations for urticaria, asthma-like crisis, laryngeal edema and shock in the first 24 hours after treatment.
Secondary outcome measures
Presence of late adverse events are measured using clinical examinations (fever, urticarial, arthralgia, adenomegaly, neurological and renal complications at 24 hours until 15 days after treatment.
Overall trial start date
20/06/2003
Overall trial end date
15/12/2008
Reason abandoned
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Male and female subjects
2. Aged between 12 and 70 years old
3. Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus snakebites are diagnosed using clinical, epidemiological and laboratorial evaluation
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
116
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Pregnancy or breastfeeding
2. Previous hematological disorders
3. Known immunodeficiencies (HIV, malignancies, chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive treatments)
4. Previous treatment with snake AVs and history of any moderate/severe allergic reaction in the past
5. Presenting with severe snake envenomings, defined for Bothrops and Lachesis as life-threatening snakebites with severe bleeding, hypotension, shock and acute renal failure, and for Crotalus as intense rhabdomyolisis and severe acute renal failure were not included
Recruitment start date
01/06/2005
Recruitment end date
30/05/2008
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Brazil
Trial participating centre
Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD)
Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25 - Dom Pedro
Manaus
69040-000
Brazil
Trial participating centre
Hospital Geral de Roraima
Boa Vista
69305-455
Brazil
Trial participating centre
Unidade Mista de Borba
Borba
69200-970
Brazil
Sponsor information
Organisation
Army Institute of Biology
Sponsor details
R. Francisco Manuel
102
Triagem
Rio de Janeiro
20911-270
Brazil
+55 21 3860-1738
sac.ibex@gmail.com
Sponsor type
Government
Website
Organisation
Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado
Sponsor details
Av. Pedro Teixeira
25
Dom Pedro
Manaus - AM
Manaus
69040-000
Brazil
+55 92 2127-3555
ppgmt.uea@fmt.am.gov.br
Sponsor type
Government
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Brazilian Army
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Planned submission to Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, as an Original Article.
IPD sharing statement:
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are/will be available upon request from the Corresponding Investigator: Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro at wueltonmm@gmail.com
Intention to publish date
30/07/2017
Participant level data
Available on request
Results - basic reporting
Publication summary
2017 Results in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29176824