Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Dr Peter Fonagy
ORCID ID
Contact details
Psychoanalysis Unit
Sub-department of Clinical Health Psychology
University College London
Gower Street
London
WC1E 6BT
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 20 7679 1943
p.fonagy@ucl.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
N/A
Study information
Scientific title
Acronym
CAPSLE
Study hypothesis
The overriding objective of the trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of two systematic approaches to enhancing the educational environment in elementary schools. Both approaches were expected to reduce the frequency and intensity of disruptive and aggressive behaviours among elementary school children - these decreases were expected to produce increases in engaged instructional time and improvements in academic performance.
We expected to find decreases in a number of indicators of disruptive behaviour, including the amount of class time spent on discipline, aggressive behaviour among students, suspensions and expulsions, and disciplinary referrals to the principals office. We also anticipated increases in indicators of a positive school learning environment, including increased time spent in academic instruction, increased student performance on school-wide, standardised achievement tests, and more positive perceptions of the school environment by students and staff.
Ethics approval
Approval granted by The Menninger Institutional Review Board (IRB)on 01/09/1999.
Study design
Cluster-level randomised controlled trial with stratified restricted allocation.
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Not specified
Trial type
Quality of life
Patient information sheet
Condition
Childhood aggression and disruptive behaviour in the school setting
Intervention
Nine elementary schools that volunteered to participate in this study were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Intervention A, Intervention B, and Intervention C.
The three schools receiving Intervention A participated in a school-wide program focusing on bully-victim relationships among children. This program provides specific nonhostile, yet effective, approaches for school faculty and staff to use when aggressive incidents occur and uses multiple techniques to promote self-control, personal responsibility, and a commitment to solve interpersonal problems peacefully. Increased monitoring and positive attention to children are provided through high school age mentors and adult volunteers (know as Brunos) who provide support to children and teachers during recess and transition periods during the school day. The Gentle Warrior Training program offers instruction in personal skills, including relaxation, body conditioning, role playing of conflict management skills, learning methods of handling physical violence without getting injured or injuring others, and developing communication skills with others.
The three schools receiving Intervention B each had a doctoral-level (M.D. or Ph.D.) Mental Health Consultant on school grounds four hours a week, provided by the Menninger Clinic. This consultant participated in weekly Student Resource Team (SRT) meetings (approximately one hour per week), and spent three hours weekly consulting with school staff. The consultant aimed to become an integral part of the SRT, using specialised expertise in child psychiatry/psychology to assist in data gathering, intervention and assessment planning, and (when indicated) liaisons with mental health service providers in the community. The overriding goal of this consultation is to address more comprehensively the mental health needs of children exhibiting significant emotional or behavioural problems at school. Effective intervention with these high risk children was expected to reduce school failure and disruptive behaviour, thus enhancing outcomes for the high risk children and their classmates, whose own learning is hindered by the disruptive behaviour of high risk children.
The three schools assigned to Intervention C were in the treatment-as-usual control condition. Data were collected as in Intervention A and Intervention B schools, and results of this data collection were provided to principals to aid in planning and decision-making.
Intervention type
Other
Phase
Not Specified
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Primary outcomes for the trial included:
1. Child self-report of experiences with aggression at school (i.e., aggression, victimisation, helping behaviour, and aggression-related attitudes)
2. Peer nominations of aggression, victimisation, and helping behaviour among classmates
3. Childrens ratings on the Positive Learning Climate survey.
These outcome measures were obtained from children in grades three to five twice each year of the three year study (i.e., every Fall and Spring semester), with the exception of the Positive Learning Climate survey (completed only in the Fall, first and second graders completed a picture version of this survey).
Additionally, teachers in grades one to five completed two rating forms on children in their classroom (i.e., teacher nominations of aggression, victimisation, and helping behaviour, and ratings of problem behaviours and competencies each Fall and Spring). Teachers also completed the teacher-report version of the Positive Learning Climate survey.
Further, observational measures of engaged instructional time and disruptive behaviour were gathered on a subset of the third to fifth graders in the sample (approximately 180 children) in the classroom and during recess each Fall and Spring. Finally, indicators of disruptive behaviour (i.e., suspensions/expulsions, disciplinary referrals, attendance data, and injuries treated by a school nurse) and achievement test data were gathered from records already maintained by the school system.
Secondary outcome measures
All trial outcomes are listed as primary outcomes.
Overall trial start date
15/09/1999
Overall trial end date
30/06/2002
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Participants were students (grades one to five) in those elementary schools that volunteered to participate.
2. All students in these grades in the nine participating schools received those aspects of the intervention condition assigned to their school that did not require parent consent (i.e., the majority of intervention components were delivered as part of school curriculum).
3. All students were also invited to participate in the research components of the project.
4. In addition, parents of children in schools receiving Intervention A were asked to give permission for their child to participate in a specialised conflict management program referred to as Gentle Warrior Training. Those students participated in research components and Gentle Warrior Training (if in Intervention A schools) who provided child assent and whose parents gave permission for them to participate.
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Child
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
3,000
Participant exclusion criteria
There were no exclusion criteria, with the exception of not allowing those children to participate in research components or Gentle Warrior Training (if in Intervention A schools) who did not provide assent or whose parents declined informed consent to participate.
Recruitment start date
15/09/1999
Recruitment end date
30/06/2002
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United States of America
Trial participating centre
Psychoanalysis Unit
London
WC1E 6BT
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
Organisation
The Menninger Clinic (USA)
Sponsor details
2801 Gessner Drive
PO Box 809045
Houston
77280-9045
United States of America
+1 713 275 5000
stwemlow@menninger.edu
Sponsor type
Hospital/treatment centre
Website
Funders
Funder type
Charity
Funder name
Forrest C. Lattner Foundation
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AmVestors Financial Corporation
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Hills Pet Nutrition
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Western Resources
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Security Benefit Group
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Southwestern Bell
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Capitol Federal Savings
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Kansas Health Foundation
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Stauffer Foundation
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Topeka Capital-Journal
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Burlington Northern Santa Fe Foundation
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John & Gene Hayes
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Anderson Chandler
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Blanche Bryden Foundation
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Trull Foundation
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Jessie Ball duPont Fund (grant number: 2002-194)
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private sector organisation
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Trusts, charities, foundations (both publically funded and privately funded)
Location
United States of America
Funder name
Menninger Foundation
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Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Not provided at time of registration
Intention to publish date
Participant level data
Not provided at time of registration
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2005 results in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15990689
Publication citations
-
Results
Fonagy P, Twemlow SW, Vernberg E, Sacco FC, Little TD, Creating a peaceful school learning environment: the impact of an antibullying program on educational attainment in elementary schools., Med. Sci. Monit., 2005, 11, 7, CR317-25.