Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Cervical cancer is a disease that can affect women. It is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical screening is a way that pre-cancers and cancers can be detected early in women. Women from 20 to 69 years of age are recommended to screen for cervical cancer every 3 years. Some women do not get screened. Screening is done with a Pap smear test (Pap test) which takes samples of cervical cells to test for cancer. When someone doesn’t get a Pap test, they may get a reminder from their doctor. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether sending a cervical screening self-testing kit instead of a reminder letter will help more women take the test.
Who can participate?
Women aged 30 to 69 years old who have not had a Pap test in 36 months and no history of abnormalities or have had a pap test in 15 months with a history of abnormalities.
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. Those in the first group receive a self-testing kit with instructions in the mail, and they can collect a sample for screening at home. Participants then send their samples back to the health centre. Those in the second group receive a letter asking them to arrange a Pap test appointment with their doctor. Participants are followed up and offered the appropriate care based on the results of their samples.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
There are no direct benefits or risks with participating.
Where is the study run from?
Eastern Health Cervical Screening Initiatives Program (Canada)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
April 2017 to March 2018
Who is funding the study?
Build in Canada Innovation Program (Canada)
Who is the main contact?
1. Ms Brianne Wood
2. Associate Professor Catherine Popadiuk
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Ms Brianne Wood
ORCID ID
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9958-4824
Contact details
Eve Medical
162 John Street
Suite A
Toronto
ON
M5V2E5
Canada
Type
Public
Additional contact
Prof Catherine Popadiuk
ORCID ID
Contact details
Health Science Centre
300 Prince Philip Drive
St. John's
A1B 3V6
Canada
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
2017 183
Study information
Scientific title
Cervical Screening Self-Test Study: A randomized controlled trial comparing a mailed HPV self-sampling kit to an invitation letter for Pap testing in Newfoundland, Canada
Acronym
Study hypothesis
Self-sampling will increase the uptake among the underscreened, compared to a mailed invitation for a Pap test.
Ethics approval
Submitted to Health Research Ethics Board (part of the Health Research Ethics Authority in Newfoundland) on July 26, 2017
Study design
Single-centre randomised parallel controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised parallel trial
Trial setting
Community
Trial type
Screening
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use contact details to request a participant information sheet.
Condition
Cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening
Intervention
A simple randomisation scheme is generated (using the allocation ratio) using R statistical software by a study analyst. This randomisation scheme (i.e. intervention versus control) is assigned to the list of potentially under-screened women, by someone external to the study. A team member exports a list of encrypted health card numbers from the registry, which are assigned unique 5-character study identifiers (Study IDs). These Study IDs are then randomly allocated to the intervention arm or control arm. Once this is complete, the allocation arrangement can be linked back to the exported data from the registry to allow for mail-out, and baseline measurements to compare arms (using age, community, and Pap history).
Participants in Arm 1 receive one invitation to Pap test letter.
Participants in Arm 2 receive a mailed self-sampling kit (“HerSwab”) from the study team (i.e. the research coordinator), and a questionnaire assessing participant demographics and acceptability of this cervical screening modality.
Arm 2 participants are informed that they may participate either by collecting a sample with HerSwab, or by getting a Pap with their primary care provider.
An HerSwab™ kit comes with the HerSwab™ sampling device, a storage bag for the sample and device to be stored post-collection, patient collection instructions. HerSwab™ is a medical device developed by Eve Medical that allows women to self-collect vaginal samples. This tool has been used in cervical screening and sexually transmitted infection testing settings, and has been evaluated in several research settings. Samples will be transported to the laboratory via dry transport (ie. without a transport medium). HerSwab™ has been CE marked and has received Health Canada licensing (no. 94847).
Kits are mailed out over a three-month period directly from the research team at Eastern Health, and samples are accepted over a six month period at the laboratory for processing. The instructions recommend women mail their samples immediately after collection, though the research indicates the sample are unaffected by dry transport for 10 days or more.
Women who are HPV positive will be offered one of three follow up options:
1. To follow up with their primary care provider
2. To follow up with Dr. Jacqueline Elliott (study general practitioner who will be available for women who are not attached to a primary care provider or wish to see someone other than their regular health care provider).
3. To follow up at one of the “Open Clinics”, which are local clinics that provide Pap tests to the public. A listing of open clinics will be included with the result letter.
Three months following study initiation, the registry runs a report to determine the follow-up status of the HPV positive women, and if necessary, send a registered letter second notice of results to the women again referring her for follow up with one of the three options above.
After follow up, women who are HPV 16 or 18 positive, and cytology negative receive communication from the study to participate in screening as part of the CSI 12 months after they collected an HPV sample. Women who are positive with strains of HPV other than 16 or 18, and cytology negative, return to the normal screening interval.
Participants in Arm 1 are followed up according to standard care. Individuals who have abnormal cytology are recommended to attend for another Pap test by their health care provider. All results are managed by the registry, and all participants in Arm 1 are automatically return to the Program.
Intervention type
Device
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
The number of women who complete "screening" is calculated by summing the number of respective self-sampling kits that were mailed to the lab for testing (records counted by the laboratory) and the number of Pap tests recorded in the registry at three months and six months. For intention to treat analysis, any type of screening will be counted in the analysis, divided by the respective number of women allocated to each arm.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Proportion of women who prefer self-sampling to Pap testing is assessed based on survey responses, stratified by screening participation (self-sampling at home versus Pap testing versus self-sampling in clinic vs no intention to screen) at six months following the final invitation
2. Proportion of women who participate in screening per protocol, as well as any screening, assessed using the records
3. Proportion of women who find self-sampling acceptable is assessed based on survey responses to the question "In the future, would you prefer to see a health professional or take your own sample for cervical screening?" Acceptability will be measured by reporting proportions of women who agree to the following two statements.
4. Proportion of women who find Pap-testing acceptable is assessed based on survey responses to the question "In the future, would you prefer to see a health professional or take your own sample for cervical screening?" (Acceptability will be measured by reporting proportions of women who agree to the following statement.
5. Proportion of target population reached is measured by any screening record, divided by the total number of allocated individuals (adjusting for returned mail) at six months.
*The following outcomes will be measured if time and resources allow, but they will not be calculated within the 1-year time frame of the Build in Canada Innovation project. As a result, they may not be reported with the rest of the trial results.
5.1. CIN2+ cases detected in participants in the intervention arm is measured using health administrative records through the registry within three years of the initial invitation
5.2. Estimated cost per CIN2+ detected in the intervention arm is measured using simulation models that are populated with aforementioned outcomes
5.3. Proportion of women found positive for HPV in the intervention arm who follow up on subsequent interventions is measured using the cervical cancer registry and health administrative records within three years of the initial invitation
5.4. Proportion of women in both arms who participate in subsequent screening is measured is measured using the cervical cancer registry and health administrative records within three years of the initial invitation
Overall trial start date
01/04/2017
Overall trial end date
31/08/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Female
2. Ages between 30 and 69 years
3. Lives in Eastern Health jurisdiction
4. Has not had a Pap test in 36 months and no history of cytological abnormalities OR has not had a Pap test in 15+ months with a history of positive cytology. These women were included on previous edition of the cytology recall list, and have not participated in screening since.
Participant type
Healthy volunteer
Age group
Adult
Gender
Female
Target number of participants
6400
Participant exclusion criteria
Women with known total hysterectomies
Recruitment start date
01/10/2017
Recruitment end date
01/03/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Canada
Trial participating centre
Eastern Health Cervical Screening Initiatives Program
Clarenville
A5A 1Z4
Canada
Sponsor information
Organisation
Eve Medical
Sponsor details
162 John Street
Suite A
Toronto
ON
M5V2E5
Canada
Sponsor type
Industry
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Build in Canada Innovation Program
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Once data collection and analysis is complete, the study team will send a one-page summary of study findings to the entire study sample, which will also serve as re-invitation into the provincial program for women who participated in self-sampling. This will serve as another opportunity to reach out to women who may not have followed up positive results, as patient safety is of utmost importance. Participants will be invited to attend results sharing sessions that will be organized by the study team.
Findings from this proposed project will be disseminated in international, peer-reviewed scientific publications and at local and international conferences. Additionally, the study team will help to identify opportunities that may be useful venues for disseminating the research findings. Having a diverse representation of stakeholders (including women, health care providers, researchers, and policy-makers) will play an important role in refining messages for the appropriate audiences. We will engage with the Newfoundland Ministry of Health and Community Services, Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Health Canada, as well as local health service providers and community organizations. Consistent engagement with different knowledge users will also promote diffusion of the research and its products
IPD sharing statement:
The data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date. We would like to identify what information is appropriate for sharing and what information will be required to be confidential. Because this study is being run using waived consent (by mirroring standard practice of a cervical cancer screening program), it is unlikely that the datasets can be made publicly available, as we are not obtaining informed consent of this aspect from participants.
Intention to publish date
04/01/2020
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list