Plain English Summary
Current plain English summary as of 11/01/2019:
Background and study aims
Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC is a curative intent treatment for patients with operable colorectal peritoneal metastases without other metastases (isolated colorectal peritoneal metastases). The addition of chemo-immunotherapy before and after CRS-HIPEC could have potential benefits. It may eliminate invisible cancer cells that have already spread elsewhere in the body. Furthermore, chemo-immunotherapy before CRS-HIPEC may downsize the peritoneal metastases, so that they are easier to remove completely. Chemotherapy after CRS-HIPEC may help to stop the cancer coming back by eliminating invisible cancer cells that may have been left behind in the body. Chemo-immunotherapy before and after CRS-HIPEC also has potential drawbacks. It may cause side effects and it prolongs and intensifies the treatment period. In other operable cancers (stomach, oesophagus, ovaries, rectum), chemo-immunotherapy before and/or after surgery is standard care, since high-quality research showed that it significantly improves the long-term outcomes of patients. Doctors expect that chemo-immunotherapy before and after CRS-HIPEC also significantly improves the long-term outcomes of patients with operable isolated colorectal peritoneal metastases. However, to date, this has never been investigated. Therefore, this is the first study that investigates whether chemo-immunotherapy before and after CRS-HIPEC truly improves the long-term outcomes of patients with operable colorectal peritoneal metastases as compared to the current standard care in the Netherlands: CRS-HIPEC alone.
Who can participate?
Patients with operable isolated colorectal peritoneal metastases who qualify for CRS-HIPEC.
What does the study involve?
Patients are randomly allocated into two groups. One group receives CRS-HIPEC alone (control group). The other group receives CRS-HIPEC with chemo-immunotherapy before and after CRS-HIPEC (experimental group). Patients in both groups are followed for short-term outcomes and long-term outcomes. Additionally, patients in both groups regularly receive questionnaires about their quality of life, work, and use of health care.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Doctors hypothesise that patients in the experimental arm have favourable long-term outcomes than patients in the control arm. This potential benefit needs to be weighed against the potential burden/risks of the experimental arm: side effects of the chemo-immunotherapy and a prolonged and intensified treatment period that could interfere with the quality of life.
Where is the study run from?
All Dutch tertiary referral hospitals for the surgical treatment of colorectal peritoneal metastases:
Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
June 2017 to August 2021
Who is funding the study?
Dutch Cancer Society (KWF Kankerbestrijding), Amsterdam, Netherlands
Catharina Research Fund (Catharina Onderzoeksfonds), Eindhoven, Netherlands
Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
Who is the main contact?
Dr. Koen Rovers
koen.rovers@catharinaziekenhuis.nl
Previous plain English summary:
Background and study aims
Cancer of the colon or rectum may spread (metastasise) to the peritoneum, the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen. Doctors treat these metastases by combining surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), which involves filling the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity with chemotherapy drugs that have been heated. Many patients also receive chemotherapy before and after surgery with HIPEC. This has several advantages. It may make the metastases in the peritoneum smaller before surgery, so that they are easier to remove completely. Furthermore, it may eliminate any cancer that has already spread elsewhere in the body. Chemotherapy after surgery may help to stop the cancer coming back by eliminating invisible cancer cells that may have been left behind in the body. Chemotherapy before and after surgery with HIPEC also has potential disadvantages. It may cause side effects, which may be so severe that they decrease quality of life or make surgery impossible. Furthermore, doctors are still not sure if chemotherapy is effective against metastases in the peritoneum. If not, the metastases in the peritoneum will only grow during chemotherapy. Nowadays, many doctors do not agree about whether to give chemotherapy before and after surgery with HIPEC, because the potential advantages and disadvantages have never been properly investigated. Therefore, this study aims to find out whether chemotherapy before and after surgery with HIPEC is of benefit for patients with colon or rectal cancer with peritoneal metastases.
Who can participate?
Patients aged 18 and over with colon or rectal cancer and metastases in the peritoneum, who are candidates for surgery with HIPEC. This is determined by the treating doctor.
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated into two groups. One group receives surgery with HIPEC without chemotherapy (the standard treatment). The other group receives surgery with HIPEC with chemotherapy before and after surgery (the experimental treatment). Additionally, participants in both groups are asked to fill in questionnaires about their quality of life and health care costs.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The experimental treatment may lead to an increased life expectancy and an increased chance of being cured. These possible benefits have to be weighed against the most important risks of the experimental treatment, which are side effects that make surgery impossible and/or decrease quality of life.
Where is the study run from?
1. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital – Netherlands Cancer Institute (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
2. Catharina Hospital (Eindhoven, the Netherlands)
3. Erasmus Medical Centre (Rotterdam, the Netherlands)
4. Medical Spectrum Twente (Enschede, the Netherlands)
5. Radboud University Medical Centre (Nijmegen, the Netherlands)
6. Sint Antonius Hospital (Nieuwegein, the Netherlands)
7. University Medical Centre Groningen (Groningen, the Netherlands)
8. University Medical Centre Utrecht (Utrecht, the Netherlands)
9. VU University Medical Centre (Amsterdam, the Netherlands).
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
June 2017 to August 2026
Who is funding the study?
1. Dutch Cancer Society
2. Roche Netherlands B.V.
Who is the main contact?
Dr Koen Rovers
koen.rovers@catharinaziekenhuis.nl
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Dr Koen P.B. Rovers
ORCID ID
Contact details
PO Box 1350
Eindhvoen
5602 ZA
Netherlands
+31 (0)402 396 350
koen.rovers@catharinaziekenhuis.nl
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
2016-001865-99
ClinicalTrials.gov number
NCT02758951
Protocol/serial number
NL57644.100.16
Study information
Scientific title
Current scientific title as of 11/01/2019:
Perioperative systemic therapy and cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC verus upfront cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC alone for isolated resectable colorectal peritoneal metastases: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, phase II-III, randomised superiority study
Previous scientific title:
Perioperative systemic therapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable colorectal peritoneal metastases: a multicentre, phase II-III, randomised controlled study
Acronym
CAIRO6
Study hypothesis
Current hypothesis as of 11/01/2019:
Patients with isolated resectable colorectal peritoneal metastases have a 3-year overall survival of 50% after treatment with upfront cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC alone (control arm), and a 3-year overall survival of 65% after treatment with perioperative systemic therapy and cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC (experimental arm)
Hypothesis as of 04/05/2017:
Perioperative systemic therapy and surgery with HIPEC results in improved overall survival compared to surgery with HIPEC alone.
Previous hypothesis:
Perioperative systemic therapy and cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC will result in an overall survival benefit compared to cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC alone in patients with peritoneal metastases of colorectal cancer.
Ethics approval
MEC-U (Medical Research Ethics Committees United), Nieuwegein, the Netherlands, 22/12/2016, ref: R15.056
Study design
Open-label parallel-group multicentre randomised controlled phase II-III trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Current condition as of 11/01/2019:
Isolated resectable colorectal peritoneal metastases
Previous condition:
Colorectal cancer with isolated peritoneal metastases
Intervention
Current interventions as of 11/01/2019:
At the discretion of the treating medical oncologist, perioperative systemic therapy consists of either:
1. Four three-weekly neoadjuvant and adjuvant cycles of CAPOX (130 mg/m2 body-surface area [BSA] of oxaliplatin, intravenously [IV] on day 1; 1000 mg/m2 BSA of capecitabine, orally twice daily on days 1-14), with bevacizumab (7.5 mg/kg body weight, IV on day 1) added to the first three neoadjuvant cycles, or;
2. Six two-weekly neoadjuvant and adjuvant cycles of FOLFOX (85 mg/m2 BSA of oxaliplatin, IV on day 1; 400 mg/m2 BSA of leucovorin, IV on day 1; 400/2400 mg/m2 BSA of bolus/continuous 5-fluorouracil, IV on day 1-2), with bevacizumab (5 mg/kg body weight, IV on day 1) added to the first four neoadjuvant cycles, or;
3. Six two-weekly neoadjuvant cycles of FOLFIRI (180 mg/m2 BSA of irinotecan, IV on day 1; 400 mg/m2 BSA of leucovorin, IV on day 1; 400/2400 mg/m2 BSA of bolus/continuous 5-fluorouracil, IV on day 1-2) and either four three-weekly (capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 BSA, orally twice daily on days 1-14) or six two-weekly (400 mg/m2 BSA of leucovorin, IV on day 1; 400/2400 mg/m2 BSA of bolus/continuous 5-fluorouracil, IV on day 1-2) adjuvant cycles of fluoropyrimidine monotherapy, with bevacizumab (5 mg/kg body weight, IV on day 1) added to the first four neoadjuvant cycles.
Neoadjuvant systemic therapy should start within four weeks after randomisation. Adjuvant systemic therapy should start within twelve weeks after cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC (CRS-HIPEC). In case of unacceptable toxicity or contraindications to oxaliplatin or irinotecan in the neoadjuvant setting, CAPOX or FOLFOX may be switched to FOLFIRI and vice versa. In case of unacceptable toxicity or contraindications to oxaliplatin in the adjuvant setting, CAPOX of FOLFOX may be switched to fluoropyrimidine monotherapy. Dose reduction, co-interventions, and escape medication are not specified a priori, but left to the discretion of the treating medical oncologist. Perioperative systemic therapy can be prematurely discontinued due to radiological or clinical disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, physicians decision, or at patients request.
CRS-HIPEC is performed according to the Dutch protocol in all study centres (Kuijpers, Ann Surg Oncol, 2013). The choice of HIPEC medication (oxaliplatin or mitomycin C) is left to the discretion of the treating physician, since neither one has a favourable safety or efficacy (Hompes, J Surg Oncol, 2014; van Eden, Eur J Surg Oncol, 2018). In the control arm, CRS-HIPEC should be performed within six weeks after randomisation. In the experimental arm, CRS-HIPEC should be performed within six weeks after completion of neoadjuvant systemic therapy, and at least six weeks after the last administration of bevacizumab in order to minimise the risk of bevacizumab-related postoperative complications (Hompes, Eur J Surg Oncol, 2011).
Interventions as of 04/05/2017:
Experimental arm: Perioperative systemic therapy:
1. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy: combination chemotherapy plus bevacizumab for three 3-weekly (CAPOX + bevacizumab) or four 2-weekly (FOLFOX + bevacizumab) cycles, followed by restaging. In case of systemic disease progression (e.g. liver or lung metastases), the best possible palliative treatment is offered. In case of stable or responsive disease, one 3-weekly (CAPOX) or two 2-weekly (FOLFOX) neoadjuvant cycles of combination chemotherapy without bevacizumab are administered.
2. Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC.
3. Adjuvant systemic therapy: Only in case of a sufficiently good clinical condition and stable or responsive disease upon neoadjuvant treatment, adjuvant combination chemotherapy is intentionally administered according to the neoadjuvant regimen without bevacizumab for four 3-weekly cycles (CAPOX) or six 2-weekly cycles (FOLFOX).
Control arm:
1. Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC
Previous interventions from 02/09/2016 to 04/05/2017:
Experimental arm:
1. Patients in the experimental arm will receive neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy plus bevacizumab for three 3-weekly (CAPOX + BEV) or four 2-weekly (FOLFOX + BEV) cycles, followed by restaging with thoraco-abdominal CT-scan. In case of progressive and unresectable disease, the best possible palliative treatment will be offered. In case of progressive but resectable disease, patients will undergo explorative laparotomy and subsequent cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC at least 6 weeks after the last cycle of bevacizumab is administered. In case of responsive or stable disease, one 3-weekly (CAPOX) or two 2-weekly (FOLFOX) neoadjuvant cycles of combination chemotherapy without bevacizumab will be administered. Subsequently, not earlier than 3 weeks after the last day of the last cycle of combination chemotherapy, explorative laparotomy and subsequent cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC will be performed.
2. Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC.
3. Adjuvant systemic therapy: Only in patients with stable disease or response upon neoadjuvant treatment, adjuvant combination chemotherapy will be given according to the neoadjuvant regimen, but without bevacizumab, for four 3-weekly cycles (CAPOX) or six 2-weekly cycles (FOLFOX).
Control arm:
1. Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC
Original interventions:
Experimental arm:
1. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy: Combination chemotherapy with the addition of bevacizumab for three 3-weekly (CAPOX + Bevacizumab) or four 2-weekly (FOLFOX + BEV) cycles, followed by restaging with thoracoabdominal CT-scan. In case of progressive disease, the best possible treatment will be offered. In case of responsive or stable disease, one 3-weekly (CAPOX) or two 2-weekly (FOLFOX) additional cycles of combination chemotherapy alone will be administered.
2. Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC.
3. Adjuvant systemic therapy: Combination chemotherapy for four 3-weekly (CAPOX) or six 2-weekly (FOLFOX) cycles.
Control arm:
1. Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC
Intervention type
Drug
Phase
Phase II/III
Drug names
Drug names as of 11/01/2019:
5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, bevacizumab
Previous drug names:
5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab
Primary outcome measure
Current primary outcome measures as of 11/01/2019:
Phase II study:
1. The feasibility of accrual, based on the total accrual rate, the accrual rate in each study centre, and screening failures (time point: not applicable).
2. The feasibility of perioperative systemic therapy, based on the number of patients that:
2.1. Start/complete neoadjuvant systemic therapy with/without dose reductions
2.2. Are scheduled for CRS-HIPEC
2.3. Undergo complete CRS-HIPEC
2.4. Start/complete adjuvant systemic therapy with/without dose reductions (time point: nine months after randomisation).
3. The safety of perioperative systemic therapy, based on the number of patients with:
3.1. Systemic therapy related toxicity, defined as grade ≥2 according to CTCAE v4.0, up to one month after the last administration of systemic therapy
3.2. Postoperative morbidity, defined as grade ≥2 according to Clavien-Dindo, up to three months after CRS-HIPEC (time points: nine months after randomisation).
4. The tolerance of perioperative systemic therapy, based on health-related quality of life extracted from EQ-5D-5L, QLQ-C30, and QLQ-CR29 during study treatment (time point: nine months after randomisation).
5. The radiological response of colorectal PM to neoadjuvant systemic therapy, based on central review of thoracoabdominal CT during neoadjuvant systemic therapy (time point: three months after randomisation). Classifications are not defined a priori.
6. The histological response of colorectal PM to neoadjuvant systemic therapy, based on central review of resected specimens during CRS-HIPEC (time point: four months after randomisation). Classifications are not defined a priori.
Phase III study:
Overall survival, defined as the time between randomisation and death (time point: three years after randomisation).
Primary outcome measures as of 04/05/2017:
Phase II study (n=80):
1. Both arms: number of patients who undergo a complete or near-complete cytoreduction (CC0 or CC1)
2. Both arms: major postoperative complications 90 days after surgery with HIPEC (Clavien-Dindo III-V)
Phase III study (n=358):
1. Both arms: number of patients alive three years after randomisation
Primary outcome measures from 02/09/2016 to 04/05/2017:
1. Primary outcome of the phase II study (n=80): major postoperative complications, defined as Clavien-Dindo grade III-V, at 90 days postoperatively
2. Primary outcome of the phase III study (n=340): overall survival after 3-years follow-up
Original primary outcome measures:
1. Primary outcome of the phase II study (n=80): major morbidity, defined as Clavien-Dindo grade III-V, at 90 days post-op
2. Primary outcome of the phase III study (n=340): 3-year overall survival (regular oncological follow-up at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 months post-op)
Secondary outcome measures
Current secondary outcome measures as of 11/01/2019:
Both arms:
1. Progression-free survival, defined as the time between randomisation and disease progression before CRS-HIPEC, CRS-HIPEC in case of unresectable disease, radiological proof of recurrence, or death (time point: three years after randomisation).
2. Disease-free survival, defined as the time between CRS-HIPEC and radiological proof of recurrence or death (time point: three years after randomisation).
3. Health-related quality of life, extracted from questionnaires (EQ-5D-5L, QLQ-C30, QLQ-CR29) before study treatment, after completion of neoadjuvant systemic therapy (experimental arm), every three months after CRS-HIPEC until one year postoperatively, and every six months thereafter until five years after randomisation (time pint: three years after randomisation).
4. Costs, extracted from questionnaires (iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire, iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire) before study treatment, after completion of neoadjuvant systemic therapy (experimental arm), every three months after CRS-HIPEC until one year postoperatively, and every six months thereafter until five years after randomisation (time pint: three years after randomisation);.
5. Surgical characteristics, e.g. PCI, intraoperative complications, operating time, resections, completeness of cytoreduction, hospital stay (time point: four months after randomisation).
6. She number of patients with major postoperative morbidity, defined as grade ≥3 according to Clavien-Dindo, up to three months after CRS-HIPEC (time point: nine months after randomisation).
Experimental arm:
1. The number of patients with major systemic therapy related toxicity, defined as grade ≥3 according to CTCAE v4.0, up to one month after the last administration of systemic therapy (time point: nine months after randomisation).
2. The number of patients with an objective radiological response of colorectal PM to neoadjuvant systemic therapy, determined by central review of thoracoabdominal CT (time point: three months after randomisation). Classifications are determined after exploration of the radiological response in the phase II study.
3. The number of patients with an objective histological response of colorectal PM to neoadjuvant systemic therapy, determined by central review of resected specimens during CRS-HIPEC (time point: four months after randomisation). Classifications are determined after exploration of the histological response in the phase II study.
Secondary outcome measures as of 04/05/2017:
Phase II study (n=80):
1. Both arms: minor postoperative complications 90 days after surgery with HIPEC (Clavien-Dindo II)
2. Experimental arm: moderate/severe systemic therapy related toxicity until one month after the last administration of systemic therapy (CTCAE II-V)
Phase III study (n=358):
1. Both arms: number of patients without disease progression one and three years after randomisation.
2. Both arms: number of patients alive five years after randomisation
3. Both arms: extent of peritoneal disease during surgery (PCI score)
4. Both arms: number of complete or near complete cytoreductions (CC0 or CC1)
5. Both arms: procedure-related characteristics of surgery with HIPEC (e.g. blood loss, operating time)
6. Both arms: major postoperative complications 90 days after surgery with HIPEC (Clavien-Dindo III-V)
7. Both arms: quality of life (EQ-5D, EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-CR29)
8. Both arms: cost-effectiveness (iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire, iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire)
9. Experimental arm: severe systemic therapy related toxicity until one month after the last administration of systemic therapy (CTCAE III-V)
10. Experimental arm: radiological response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy
11. Experimental arm: pathological response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy
Previous secondary outcome measures from 02/09/2016 to 04/05/2017:
1.Secondary outcome of the phase II study (n=80):
1.1 feasibility of randomisation, defined as inclusion of 80 patients 1 year after the start of accrual at the last participating centre.
1.2 Minor postoperative complications, defined as Clavien-Dindo grade II, at 90 days postoperatively.
1.3 Systemic therapy related toxicity, defined as NCICTCAE v4.0 grade II-V.
2. Secondary outcomes of the phase III study (n=340):
2.1. 5-year overall survival
2.2. 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival
2.3. Procedure-related characteristics of cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC (i.e. operating time, blood loss)
2.4. Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) at start of cytoreductive surgery.
2.5. Completeness of Cytoreduction (CC) Score directly after cytoreductive surgery
2.6. Severe postoperative complications, defined as Clavien-Dindo ≥3 at 90 days postoperatively
2.7. Postoperative mortality at 90 days postoperatively.
2.8. Hospital stay, until 12 months postoperatively.
2.9. Quality of life (EQ5D questionnaire, EORTC QLQ C30 questionnaire, EORTC QLQ CR29 questionnaire) at inclusion, and 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 60 months postoperatively.
2.10. Cost-effectiveness (iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire, iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire) at inclusion, and 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 60 months postoperatively.
2.11. Severe systemic therapy related toxicity (NCICTCAE v4.0 grade 3-5) of neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy with bevacizumab (experimental arm)
2.12. Severe systemic therapy related toxicity (NCICTCAE v4.0 grade 3-5) of adjuvant combination chemotherapy (experimental arm)
2.13. Number of patients with disease progression, stable disease, or responsive disease to neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy/bevacizumab.
Original secondary outcome measures:
1. Secondary outcome of the phase II study (n=80): feasibility of randomisation, defined as inclusion of 80 patients in 1 year after the start of accrual at the last participating centre
2. Secondary outcomes of the phase III study (n=340):
2.1. 5-year overall survival (regular oncological follow-up at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 months post-op)
2.2. 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival (regular oncological follow-up at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 months post-op)
2.3. Procedure-related characteristics of CRS + HIPEC (i.e. operating time, blood loss)
2.4. Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) Score during diagnostic laparoscopy and directly after laparotomy
2.5. Completeness of Cytoreduction (CC) Score directly after cytoreductive surgery
2.6. Treatment-related severe postoperative complications, defined as Clavien-Dindo ≥3 (in-hospital, 30-day, 90-day)
2.7. Treatment-related postoperative complications, defined as Clavien-Dindo <3 (in-hospital, 30-day, 90-day)
2.8. Treatment-related mortality (in-hospital, 30-day, 90-day)
2.9. ICU stay and hospital stay
2.10. Quality of life (EQ5D questionnaire, EORTC QLQ C30 questionnaire, EORTC QLQ CR29 questionnaire) at 6, 12, 36 and 60 months post-op
2.11. Cost-effectiveness (iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire, iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57 and 60 months post-op
2.12. % of patients able to complete their full neoadjuvant treatment, and reasons for not completing and/or dose reduction (experimental arm)
2.13. % of patients able to complete their full adjuvant treatment, and reasons for not completing and/or dose reduction (experimental arm)
2.14. Treatment-related toxicity of neoadjuvant systemic treatment (experimental arm)
2.15. Treatment-related toxicity of adjuvant systemic treatment (experimental arm)
2.16. % of patient eligible for CRS + HIPEC after neoadjuvant treatment (experimental arm)
2.17. Overall survival in patients with progressive disease during neoadjuvant therapy (experimental arm) at 3 and 5 years after diagnosis with PMCRC
2.18. Morphological tumour response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy (experimental arm) after 3 (CAPOX + Bevacizumab) or 4 (FOLFOC + Bevacizumab) courses of neoadjuvant systemic therapy
2.19. Pathological tumour response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy (experimental arm) (Mandard score)
Overall trial start date
01/06/2017
Overall trial end date
01/08/2026
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
Current inclusion criteria as of 11/01/2019:
1. A World Health Organisation (WHO) performance status of ≤1
2. Histological or cytological proof of peritoneal metastases of a non-appendiceal colorectal adenocarcinoma with ≤50% of the tumour cells being signet ring cells
3. Resectable disease determined by abdominal computed tomography (CT) and a diagnostic laparoscopy/laparotomy
4. No evidence of systemic colorectal metastases within three months prior to enrolment
5. No systemic therapy for colorectal cancer within six months prior to enrolment
6. No contraindications for CRS-HIPEC
7. No previous CRS-HIPEC
8. No concurrent malignancies that interfere with the planned study treatment or the prognosis of resected colorectal peritoneal metastases.
Importantly, enrolment is allowed for patients with radiologically non-measurable disease. The diagnostic laparoscopy/laparotomy may be performed in a referring centre, provided that the peritoneal cancer index (PCI) is appropriately scored and documented before enrolment.
Inclusion criteria as of 04/05/2017:
1. PCI score ≤20 and CC-0 or CC-1 achievable, determined by adequate preoperative work-up
2. Histological confirmation of non-appendiceal colorectal cancer with non-signet histology in peritoneal deposits or ascites
3. 18 years or older
4. WHO performance score 0-1
5. Adequate clinical condition to undergo cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC and/or neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy with bevacizumab within 4 weeks after randomisation
6. Adequate organ functions: normal bone marrow function (Hb ≥6.0 mmol/L, absolute neutrophil count ≥1.5 x 109/L, platelet count ≥100 x 109/L), renal function (serum creatinine ≤1.5 x ULN and creatinine clearance [Cockroft formula] ≥30 ml/min), determined <3 months prior to randomisation;
7. No known bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy
8. Written informed consent
9. Able and willing to adhere to follow-up
Previous inclusion criteria:
1. Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) score ≤20, determined by diagnostic staging laparoscopy
2. Achievability of complete cytoreduction, determined by diagnostic staging laparoscopy
3. Pathological confirmation of non-signet adenocarcinoma in peritoneal deposits or ascites
4. 18 years or older
5. WHO performance score 0-1
6. Adequate clinical condition to undergo CRS + HIPEC and neoadjuvant systemic therapy within 4 and 3 weeks after staging laparoscopy, respectively
7. Neutrophil count of at least 3.000/mm3, platelet count of at least 100,000/mm3 (<3 months before inclusion)
8. No bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy
9. Normal creatinine or creatinine clearance, determined by the MDRD-formula, of at least 50 ml/min (<3 months before inclusion)
10. Written informed consent
11. Expected adequacy of follow-up
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
80 in phase II and then an additional 278 in phase III
Participant exclusion criteria
Current exclusion criteria as of 11/01/2019:
1. Inadequate bone marrow, renal, or liver functions (e.g. haemoglobin <6.0 mmol/L, neutrophils <1.5 x 109/L, platelets <100 x 109/L, serum creatinine >1.5 x ULN, creatinine clearance <30 ml/min, bilirubin >2 x ULN, serum liver transaminases >5 x ULN);
2. Previous intolerance of fluoropyrimidines or both oxaliplatin and irinotecan;
3. Dehydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency;
4. Serious active infections;
5. Severe diarrhoea;
6. Stomatitis or ulceration in the mouth or gastrointestinal tract;
7. Recent major cardiovascular events;
8. Unstable or uncompensated respiratory or cardiac disease;
9. Bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy;
10. Pregnancy or lactation.
Exclusion criteria as of 04/05/2017:
1. Signet ring cell histology (>50% of the cells have signet ring cell histology) of the primary tumour
2. Systemic metastases (i.e. liver, lung)
3. Known pregnancy or lactation, wish for pregnancy, and not willing to use contraceptives
4. Known unstable or uncompensated respiratory or cardiac disease
5. Serious active infections
6. Adjuvant chemotherapy after primary resection of colorectal cancer within 6 months prior to randomisation;
7. Any condition not allowing the safe administration of the planned systemic treatment (bevacizumab, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan)
8. Stomatitis, ulceration in the mouth or gastrointestinal tract
9. Severe diarrhoea
10. Known pernicious anaemia or other anaemias due to vitamin B12 deficiency
11. Known previous peripheral sensory neuropathy with functional impairment after previous use of oxaliplatin
12. Impaired liver function (serum bilirubin ≤2 x ULN, serum transaminases ≤5 x ULN), assessment only if indicated
Previous exclusion criteria from 02/09/2016 to 04/05/2017:
1. Signet ring cell histology (>50% of the cells have signet ring cell histology) of the primary tumour
2. Systemic metastases (i.e. liver, lung)
3. Known pregnancy or lactation
4. Known unstable or uncompensated respiratory or cardiac disease
5. Serious active infections
6. Adjuvant chemotherapy after primary resection of colorectal cancer used within 6 months prior to randomisation
7. Any condition not allowing the safe administration of the planned systemic treatment (bevacizumab, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan)
8. Stomatitis, ulceration in the mouth or gastrointestinal tract
9. Severe diarrhoea
10. Known pernicious anaemia or other anaemias due to vitamin B12 deficiency
11. Known previous peripheral sensory neuropathy with functional impairment after previous use of oxaliplatin.
12. Impaired liver function (serum bilirubin ≤2 x ULN, serum transaminases ≤5 x ULN), assessment only if indicated
13. Known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency, determined by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase genotyping
Original exclusion criteria:
1. Signet ring cell histology (>50% of the cells have signet ring cell histology) of the primary tumour
2. Pregnant or lactating women
3. Unstable or uncompensated respiratory or cardiac disease
4. Serious active infections
5. Other concurrent chemotherapy used within 6 months prior to inclusion
6. Any condition not allowing the safe administration of the planned systemic treatment (bevacizumab, fluorouracil, folinic acid, capecitabine or oxaliplatin/irinotecan)
7. Stomatitis, ulceration in the mouth or gastrointestinal tract
8. Severe diarrhoea
9. Severe hepatic and/or renal dysfunction
10. Plasma bilirubin concentrations greater than 85 μmol/L
Recruitment start date
01/06/2017
Recruitment end date
01/08/2021
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Catharina Hospital
PO Box 1350
Eindhoven
5602 ZA
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Medisch Spectrum Twente
PO Box 50000
Enschede
7500 KA
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
VU University Medical Centre
PO Box 7057
Amsterdam
1007 MB
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital
PO Box 90203
Amsterdam
1006 BE
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Erasmus University Medical Centre
PO Box 2040
Rotterdam
3000 CA
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
University Medical Centre Groningen
PO Box 30001
Groningen
9700 RB
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
University Medical Centre Utrecht
PO Box 85500
Utrecht
3508 GA
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Radboud University Medical Center
PO Box 9101
Nijmegen
6500 HB
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Sint Antonius Hospital
PO Box 2500
Nieuwegein
3430 EM
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Netherlands Cancer Institute
PO Box 90203
Amsterdam
1006 BE
Netherlands
Sponsor information
Organisation
Catharina Hospital (Netherlands)
Sponsor details
Michelangelolaan 2
Eindhoven
5623 EJ
Netherlands
+31 (0)402 396 350
koen.rovers@catharinaziekenhuis.nl
Sponsor type
Hospital/treatment centre
Website
Funders
Funder type
Other
Funder name
F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Alternative name(s)
Hoffman-La Roche, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
corporate
Location
Switzerland
Funder name
KWF Kankerbestrijding
Alternative name(s)
Dutch Cancer Society
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
other non-profit
Location
Netherlands
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Current publication and dissemination plan as of 11/01/2019:
Results of the phase II and phase III studies are personally communicated to participating patients. Results are communicated to healthcare professionals through publication in peer-reviewed medical journals without any publication restrictions. The full protocol and Dutch informed consent forms are publicly accessible (www.dccg.nl/trial/cairo-6). Participant-level datasets and statistical codes will become available upon reasonable request.
IPD sharing statement: participant-level datasets and statistical codes will become available upon reasonable request
Previous publication and dissemination plan:
1. Phase II trial: after 80 patients completed their 90 day follow-up after surgery with HIPEC (01/12/2018)
2. Phase II trial: after 358 patients are 3 years after randomisation, and then again after 358 patients are 5 years after randomisation (01/09/2024)
IPD sharing plan
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study will be included in the subsequent results publication
Intention to publish date
01/12/2019
Participant level data
Available on request
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list