Impact of long-lasting insecticide treated bednets with and without piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on malaria indicators in Uganda
| ISRCTN | ISRCTN17516395 |
|---|---|
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17516395 |
| Secondary identifying numbers | PBO-Ug1 |
- Submission date
- 20/01/2017
- Registration date
- 14/02/2017
- Last edited
- 25/06/2024
- Recruitment status
- No longer recruiting
- Overall study status
- Completed
- Condition category
- Infections and Infestations
Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Malaria is an infectious disease which is common in tropical and subtropical countries, caused by a microscopic parasite which is spread from person to person by mosquitos. Every year, millions of people become infected with malaria parasites and hundreds of thousands of people die from the infection. Many of these infectious bites happen at night, when people are sleeping inside their homes. Over the last 15 years, malaria control programs have been scaled-up dramatically across Africa, resulting in an estimated 40% decrease in the incidence of disease between 2000 and 2015. However, despite these encouraging trends, decreases in the burden of malaria have not been uniform across Africa and have been slowest in countries with the highest burden, such as Uganda. In Uganda, coverage of key malaria control strategies, including long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS), and treatment of malaria cases using two or more drugs with different modes of action (artemisinin-based combination therapy; ACTs), has increased substantially. However, overall progress toward control of malaria in Uganda has been slow, and recent evidence suggests that gains may be fragile in high transmission areas, if effective control measures are not sustained. LLINs have been shown to be an effective malaria prevention strategy, however they are not always effective as many mosquitos are resistant to the insecticide (pyrethroid insecticide) that the nets are treated with. One possible approach to resolving this problem is to use a combination of chemicals to treat nets. The aim of this study is to compare four nets that are given out by the Ministry of Health to find out which type of net works the best.
Who can participate?
Households with at least one adult resident and one child aged 2-10 years.
What does the study involve?
Nets are given out across the entire country, but only certain areas have been selected to take part in this study. In all, 104 health sub-districts in 48 districts in Eastern and Western Uganda have been chosen to take part. These areas have been assigned to receive one of four types of mosquito nets. Assignment to the four groups has been determined by a lottery. In each area, households receive one of four long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets that have been approved by the World Health Organisation. To find out how well the mosquito nets work and how they are being used, surveys are carried out before and after the nets are given out.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
There are no notable benefits or risks involved with participating.
Where is the study run from?
The study is run from Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration and takes place withing 48 districts in Eastern and Western Uganda.
When is study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
January 2017 to December 2020 (updated 12/05/2020, previously: September 2020; updated 22/10/2019, previously: December 2019)
Who is funding the study?
Against Malaria Foundation (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Professor Martin Donnelly
martin.donnelly@lstmed.ac.uk
Contact information
Public
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Pembroke Place
Liverpool
L35QA
United Kingdom
| Phone | +44 151 705 3296 |
|---|---|
| martin.donnelly@lstmed.ac.uk |
Study information
| Study design | Cluster randomized trial |
|---|---|
| Primary study design | Interventional |
| Secondary study design | Cluster randomised trial |
| Study setting(s) | Community |
| Study type | Prevention |
| Participant information sheet | ISRCTN17516395_PIS_01Feb17_V2.docx |
| Scientific title | Impact of long-lasting insecticide treated bednets with and without piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on malaria indicators in Uganda: a cluster-randomised trial |
| Study acronym | Uganda PBO Net Study |
| Study hypothesis | The aim of this study is to determine whether parasite prevalence will be lower in intervention clusters (health sub-districts [HSDs] randomised to receive PBO nets), than in control clusters (HSDs randomised to conventional nets) overall, and stratified by region (Eastern and Western regions) in Uganda. |
| Ethics approval(s) | 1. Makerere University, School of Health Sciences Research and Ethical Committee, 20/12/2016, ref: 2016-133 2. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine: Research Ethics Committee, 08/02/2017, ref 16-072 3. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: Observational/Interventions Research Ethics Committee, 20/2/2017, ref:12019 Amendments: 1. SOM-REC Uganda, 31/08/2017 2. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 01/11/2017 3. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 06/10/2017 |
| Condition | Malaria |
| Intervention | A total of 104 clusters (defined as a health sub-district) have been included in the study, covering 48 districts in Eastern and Western Uganda. Clusters are randomised by a member of the study team who is not based in Uganda, and who will not be directly involved in the field work to one of four groups, who receive different types of LLINs. Variation in the production capacity and the number of nets available for each manufacturer, is considered in the randomisation process, resulting in unequal numbers of clusters being allocated to each of the 4 study arms. Group 1: PermaNet 2.0 Group 2: PermaNet 3.0 Group 3: Olyset Net Group 4: Olyset Plus The Ugandan National Malaria Control Programme and other stakeholders will take the lead on delivering the LLINs to health sub districts in Uganda. Here, the plans for the net distribution campaign are described to provide background information on the intervention. The research team will only be responsible for carrying out the evaluation. Households in all intervention arms will receive 1 LLIN per 2 household members, rounded up in the case of an uneven number of household members. The bednets are deployed over the sleeping spaces in each household and are used to reduce the number of potentially malaria infectious bites received by household members whilst asleep. Social behaviour change communication (SBCC)/information, education, communication (IEC) will accompany net distribution to increase compliance. At each LLIN distribution point, a demonstration area will be set up to show how to correctly hang LLINs and to disseminate key messages about malaria, use of LLINs, and the importance of caring for the nets correctly. SBCC and health education sessions will focus on correct care and maintenance of LLINs, including washing, repair of holes and tears, and avoidance of sun when washing and drying nets. The evaluation will include repeated cross-sectional community surveys to gather information on net survivorship and use, and parasite prevalence in children over 5 years of age, entomological surveillance for insecticide resistance monitoring, and assessment of net durability and bio-efficacy at 12 months. The primary outcome of the trial will be parasite prevalence as measured by microscopy in the cross-sectional surveys. The study will be conducted over 2 years (24 months). |
| Intervention type | Other |
| Primary outcome measure | Parasite prevalence (defined as the proportion of thick blood smears that are positive for asexual parasites) in children aged 2-10 years is assessed using cross-sectional surveys at baseline (prior to distribution of the nets) and up to 3 times after nets are distributed, 6, 12 and 18-24 months after distribution. |
| Secondary outcome measures | 1. Prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin in children aged 2-10 years. Anaemia will be defined as a haemoglobin concentration (g/dl) less than 11 in children 24-59 months and less than 11.5 in child 5-10 years. Haemoglobin concentration will be measured on site using a drop of blood collected from a finger-prick. The test will be conducted during the cross-sectional surveys using a battery-operated portable HemoCue analyzer (HemoCue, Anglom, Sweden) at baseline (prior to distribution of the nets) and up to 3 times after nets are distributed, 6, 12 and 18-24 months after distribution 2. Frequency of molecular markers associated with insecticide resistance in the primary malaria vector will be conducted on DNA extracted from mosquitoes collected in each of the study clusters during the cross-sectional surveys and will utilise PCR and rtPCR approaches at baseline (prior to distribution of the nets) and up to 3 times after nets are distributed, 6, 12 and 18-24 months after distribution 3. Prevalence of phenotypic insecticide resistance in 12 study clusters will be assessed using standard World Health Organization (WHO) tests of insecticide resistance performed during the cross-sectional surveys at baseline (prior to distribution of the nets) and up to 3 times after nets are distributed, 6, 12 and 18-24 months after distribution 4. LLIN survivorship, durability and bio-efficacy will be assessed during a cross-sectional survey conducted 12 months after distribution. The tests will follow WHO guidelines: survivorship defined as the presence or absence of a LLIN in a survey household; durability is defined based on the number and area of holes in the LLIN; bio-efficacy is defined based the proportion of known susceptible mosquitoes surviving exposure to the LLIN netting. |
| Overall study start date | 01/01/2017 |
| Overall study end date | 31/12/2020 |
Eligibility
| Participant type(s) | Other |
|---|---|
| Age group | Child |
| Lower age limit | 2 Years |
| Sex | Both |
| Target number of participants | 50 randomly selected households within 104 health sub-district (clusters); all eligible children aged 2-10 years with eligible households; Target number per cluster is 5200 hoiuseholds, approx 10,000 children |
| Total final enrolment | 38751 |
| Participant inclusion criteria | Household inclusion criteria: 1. At least one household resident between 2-10 years of age present (with an adult caregiver willing to provide informed consent for the clinical survey) 2. At least one adult aged 18 years or older present 3. Adult is a usual resident who slept in the sampled household on the night before the survey 4. Agreement of the adult resident to provide informed consent for the household survey Children inclusion criteria: 1. Child aged 5 years and over 2. Usual resident who was present in the sampled household on the night before the survey 3. Agreement of parent/guardian to provide informed consent 4. Agreement of child aged 8 years or older to provide assent |
| Participant exclusion criteria | Household exclusion criteria: 1. Dwelling destroyed or not found 2. Household vacant 3. No adult resident home on more than 3 occasions Children exclusion criteria: Child not home on day of survey |
| Recruitment start date | 16/03/2017 |
| Recruitment end date | 30/04/2020 |
Locations
Countries of recruitment
- Uganda
Study participating centre
Kampala
none
Uganda
Sponsor information
University/education
Pembroke Place
Liverpool
L35QA
England
United Kingdom
| Phone | +44 151 705 3100 |
|---|---|
| info@lstmed.ac.uk | |
| Website | http://www.lstmed.ac.uk/ |
"ROR" |
https://ror.org/03svjbs84 |
Funders
Funder type
Charity
No information available
Results and Publications
| Intention to publish date | 30/06/2020 |
|---|---|
| Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share | Yes |
| IPD sharing plan summary | Available on request |
| Publication and dissemination plan | There is a plan to publish although the content and timing of publications at this time is uncertain. Dissemination of results is planned for November or December 2018. |
| IPD sharing plan | The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are/will be available upon request from Professor Sarah Staedke (sarah.staedke@lshtm.ac.uk) |
Study outputs
| Output type | Details | Date created | Date added | Peer reviewed? | Patient-facing? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant information sheet | version V2 | 01/02/2017 | 21/02/2017 | No | Yes |
| Results article | baseline results | 13/11/2018 | Yes | No | |
| Results article | baseline results | 12/03/2019 | 15/03/2019 | Yes | No |
| Protocol article | protocol | 03/06/2019 | 05/06/2019 | Yes | No |
| Results article | provisional results | 24/06/2019 | 22/10/2019 | Yes | No |
| Results article | results | 18/04/2020 | 21/04/2020 | Yes | No |
| Results article | final results | 26/09/2022 | 30/09/2022 | Yes | No |
| Preprint (other) | Plasmodium infection prevalence and genotypic markers of insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors from 48 districts of Uganda | 05/08/2023 | 14/08/2023 | No | No |
| Results article | 24/06/2024 | 25/06/2024 | Yes | No |
Additional files
- ISRCTN17516395_PIS_01Feb17_V2.docx
- Uploaded 21/02/2017
Editorial Notes
25/06/2024: Publication reference added.
14/08/2023: Preprint reference added.
30/09/2022: Publication reference added.
16/12/2020: The total final enrolment was added.
12/05/2020: The overall trial end date has been changed from 30/09/2020 to 31/12/2020 and the plain English summary has been updated accordingly.
21/04/2020: Publication reference added.
22/10/2019: The following changes were made to the trial record:
1. The recruitment end date was changed from 30/09/2019 to 30/04/2020.
2. The overall end date was changed from 31/12/2019 to 30/09/2020.
3. The plain English summary was updated to reflect these changes.
05/06/2019: Publication reference added.
15/03/2019: Publication reference added.
15/11/2018: Publication reference added.
28/09/2018: The following changes have been made:
1. The recruitment start date has been changed from 01/02/2017 to 16/03/2017.
2. The recruitment end date has been changed from 30/04/2017 to 30/09/2019.
3. The overall trial end date has been changed from 31/12/2018 to 31/12/2019.
4. The intention to publish date has been changed from 31/12/2018 to 30/06/2020.
5. The plain English summary has been changed to reflect the change in overall trial end date.
15/11/2017: Please note that the final ethical approval for amendments to the study protocol was received on 01/11/2017.
30/08/2017: Ethics approval added.
21/02/2017: Participant information sheet uploaded.
