Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Tuberculosis (TB) is a common, infectious condition caused by a bacteria infection. It is generally spread by breathing in tiny droplets released into the air by an infected person coughing or sneezing. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other areas of the body such as the bones, brain and kidneys. Despite the availability and effectiveness of affordable six-month treatments for tuberculosis (TB), the worldwide control of this disease is currently being impacted by the emergence of multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB). MDR-TB is where the powerful first-line drugs used to treat TB (at least isoniazid and rifampicin) are ineffective, leading to the spread of an infection that is much more difficult to treat. Currently the standard treatments for MDR-TB can last as long as 24 months with a success rate of no more than 50%. With an approximately 500,000 new cases every year there is an urgent need to develop shorter and more effective treatments. The aim of this study is to compare three different shorter drug regimens to the standard 18-month MDR-TB regimen, in order to find the most effective treatment.
Who can participate?
Adults who have multidrug resistant tuberculosis (TB).
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to one of four treatment regimens (A-D). Those allocated to regimen A (which contains half as many participants as in the other three groups) are given the standard MDR-TB regimen, which they take for 18 months. Those allocated to regimen B are given a previously tested regimen consisting of the drugs clofazimine, ethambutol, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 40 weeks, supplemented by isoniazid, kanamycin, and prothionamide in the first 16 weeks. Those allocated to regimen C begin a newly designed 40 week all-oral (by mouth) treatment programme which consists of the drugs bedaquiline, clofazimine, ethambutol, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 40 weeks supplemented by isoniazid and prothionamide for the first 16 weeks. Those in regimen D are given a newly designed 28-week regimen consisting of the drugs bedaquiline, clofazimine, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 28 weeks supplemented by isoniazid and kanamycin for the first 8 weeks. At 76 weeks, the effectiveness of the newly designed regimens (C and D) are compared to the previously tested regimen B by taking and analyzing blood samples. In addition, the effectiveness of all four regimens are compared at 132 weeks using blood samples.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participants benefit from receiving more information about their health from the results of the tests done and are able to talk to a study councilor about any concerns they may have. For patients that receive the shorter treatment regimes, they may also benefit from a quicker recovery. Risks of taking part involve the general risks of taking the study drugs, as well as the risk of pain and bruising when blood samples are taken.
Where is the study run from?
1. The United States Agency for International Development (USA)
2. Medical Research Council (UK)
3. Department of International Development (UK)
4. Janssen Research and Development (USA)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
July 2015 to July 2017
Who is funding the study?
Science Foundation Ireland (Ireland)
Who is the main contact?
Professor Andrew Nunn
Trial website
http://www.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/our_research/research_areas/tuberculosis/studies/stream/
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
NCT02409290
Protocol/serial number
N/A
Study information
Scientific title
The evaluation of a Standardised Treatment REgimen of Anti-tuberculosis drugs for patients with Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): A multi-centre international parallel group randomised controlled trial
Acronym
STREAM 2
Study hypothesis
Stage Two of the STREAM trial involves the investigation of two alternative regimens, both variations on Regimen B (the 9 month regimen being evaluated in Stage 1 against the WHO recommended regimen), incorporating the newly available drug bedaquiline. The first of these investigational regimens, Regimen C, involves the removal of the injectable, kanamycin, which has known associated risks of ototoxicity and renal toxicity. The second investigational regimen, Regimen D, investigates the possibility of treatment being further shortened to 28 weeks, with a shorter duration of the initial intensive phase containing kanamycin and isoniazid and the dropping of ethambutol, which is considered to be of limited efficacy, and prothionamide, which is commonly associated with severe gastric symptoms.
Study aims:
1. To assess the superiority of Regimen C over Regimen B; this is a US FDA requirement.
2. To assess whether Regimen C is not inferior to Regimen B
3. To assess whether Regimen D is non-inferior to Regimen B
Stage one of the study can be found via http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN78372190
Ethics approval
The International Union Against TB and Lung Disease’s Ethics Advisory Group: 15/04/2015 ref: EAG number 97/14
Study design
Non-inferiority multi-centre international parallel-group open label randomised controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
Intervention
Patients consent to screening at their first visit at which stage they are assigned a unique study number. The patient is then evaluated for their eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria If a patient is screened successfully and satisfies the criteria to participate in STREAM, the patient will then complete the randomisation consent and completing the Week 0 assessment prior to randomisation. Patients should be randomised no more than 4 weeks after screening consent.
Randomisation occurs using a web-based randomisation system at a ratio of 1:2:2:2 in favour of Regimen B, Regimen C, and Regimen D. Patients are then assessed at Week 1, Week 2, Week 3, Week 4, after which they will be seen 4-weekly until Week 52, after which they will be seen 8-weekly until Week 84, after which they will be seen 12-weekly until Week 132 post randomisation.
Regimen A - The locally-used World Health Organization (WHO) approved MDR-TB regimen, which should be given for a minimum of 18 months.
Regimen B - This is based on the regimen described by Van Deun 2010 consisting of clofazimine, ethambutol, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 40 weeks, supplemented by isoniazid, kanamycin, and prothionamide in the first 16 weeks).
Dose Schedule:
Kanamycin: 15 mg per kilogram body weight (maximum 1 g)
Clofazimine: 50 mg (less than 33 kg), 100 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 100 mg (more than 50 kg)
Moxifloxacin: 400 mg (less than 33 kg), 600 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 800 mg (more than 50 kg)
Ethambutol: 800 mg (less than 33 kg), 800 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 1200 mg (more than 50kg)
Isoniazid: 300 mg (less than 33 kg), 400 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 600 mg (more than 50 kg)
Pyrazinamide: 1000 mg (less than 33 kg), 1500 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 2000 mg (more than 50 kg)
Prothionamide: 250 mg (less than 33 kg), 500 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 750 mg (more than 50 kg)
Regimen C - A 40-week all-oral regimen consisting of bedaquiline, clofazimine, ethambutol, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 40 weeks supplemented by isoniazid and prothionamide for the first 16 weeks.
Dose schedule:
Bedaquiline 400 mg once daily for the first 14 days, then 200mg thrice weekly therefeafter
Clofazimine: 50 mg (less than 33 kg), 100 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 100 mg (more than 50 kg)
Levofloxacin 750 mg (less than 33 kg), 750 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 1000 mg (more than 50 kg)
Ethambutol: 800 mg (less than 33 kg), 800 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 1200 mg (more than 50kg)
Isoniazid: 300 mg (less than 33 kg), 400 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 600 mg (more than 50 kg)
Pyrazinamide: 1000 mg (less than 33 kg), 1500 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 2000 mg (more than 50 kg)
Prothionamide: 250 mg (less than 33 kg), 500 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 750 mg (more than 50 kg)
Regimen D - A 28-week regimen consisting of bedaquiline, clofazimine, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 28 weeks supplemented by isoniazid and kanamycin for the first 8 weeks.
Dose schedule:
Bedaquiline 400 mg once daily for the first 14 days, then 200mg thrice weekly thereafter
Clofazimine: 50 mg (less than 33 kg), 100 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 100 mg (more than 50 kg)
Levofloxacin 750 mg (less than 33 kg), 750 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 1000 mg (more than 50 kg)
Isoniazid: 400 mg (less than 33 kg), 500 mg (33 – less than 40 kg), 600 mg (40-50kg), 800mg (more than 50 kg – 60kg) or 900 mg (more than 60kg). Dose is taken once daily for first 14 days and thrice weekly there after.
Pyrazinamide: 1000 mg (less than 33 kg), 1500 mg (33 - 50 kg) or 2000 mg (more than 50 kg)
Kanamycin: 15 mg per kilogram body weight (maximum 1 g)
Intervention type
Drug
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measures
The primary efficacy outcome is the proportion of patients with a favourable outcome at Week 76 defined as two negative cultures taken on separate visits, the latest of which being no more than six weeks earlier or later than week 76, provided the outcome has not previously been classified as unfavourable.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Time to sputum culture conversion is recorded during 132 weeks of follow-up
2. Time to sputum smear conversion is recorded during 132 weeks of follow-up
3. Efficacy status at end of follow-up, based on the same definition as the primary endpoint, but at week 132
4. Time to unfavourable efficacy outcome* is recorded during 132 weeks of follow-up
5. The proportion of participants in each category who meet the WHO classification of outcome as applicable at the time of analysis is determined at Week 76 and Week 132
6. Time to cessation of clinical symptoms based on PI assessment is recorded during 132 weeks of follow-up
7. All-cause mortality is recorded during 132 weeks of follow-up
8. Proportion of patients experiencing a grade 3 or greater adverse event, as defined by the DAIDS criteria is recorded during 132 weeks of follow-up
9. Change of regimen for adverse drug reactions are recorded throughout the study period
10. Number of adverse events occurring on treatment and during 132 weeks of follow-up
11. Pharmacokinetic outcomes are measured at selected visits using a validated and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method
12. Adherence to treatment during the treatment period is calculated from daily DOT (directly observed treatment) treatment cards
*Unfavourable efficacy outcomes:
1. They are discontinued from their allocated study treatment and subsequently restarted on a different MDR-TB regimen
2. Treatment is extended beyond the scheduled end of treatment for any reason other than making up of days when no treatment was given (missed treatment) for a maximum of eight weeks
3. They are restarted on any MDR-TB treatment after the scheduled end of treatment, but before 76 weeks after randomisation.
4. They change their allocated study treatment for any reason other than the replacement of a single drug
5. Bedaquiline is started where the allocated regimen did not originally contain that drug (Regimen A or B).
6. A drug from the class of nitroimidazoles is started
7. They die at any point during treatment or follow-up
8. At least one of their last two culture results, from specimens taken on separate occasions, is positive
9. They do not have a culture result within the Week 76 window for the Stage 2 comparison
10. The failure or recurrence specimen at or before the Week 76 window was a different strain to their randomisation specimen, i.e. re-infection
Overall trial start date
01/03/2016
Overall trial end date
31/03/2021
Reason abandoned
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Is willing and able to give informed consent to participate in the trial treatment and follow-up (signed or witnessed consent if the patient is illiterate)
2. Is aged 18 years or older
3. Has a positive AFB sputum smear result at screening (at least scanty), unless they are HIV positive in which case a positive GeneXpert result within four weeks prior to screening is sufficient
4. Has evidence of resistance to rifampicin either by line probe assay (Hain Genotype21), GeneXpert or culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST), from a test performed at screening or from a test performed within the four weeks prior to screening
5. Is willing to have an HIV test and, if positive, is willing to be treated with ART in accordance with the national policies but excluding ART contraindicated for use with bedaquiline
6. Is willing to use effective contraception (men who have not had a vasectomy must agree to use condoms; pre-menopausal women or women whose last menstrual period was within the preceding year, who have not been sterilised must agree to use two methods of contraception, for example a hormonal method and a barrier method)
7. Resides in the area and expected to remain for the duration of the study
8. Has had a chest X-ray at that is compatible with a diagnosis of pulmonary TB (if such a chest X-ray taken within 4 weeks of randomisation is available, a repeat X-ray is not required)
9. Has normal K+, Mg2+ and corrected Ca2+ at screening.
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
At least 1155 participants
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Is infected with a strain of M. tuberculosis resistant to a second-line injectables by line probe assay (Hain Genotype)
2. Is infected with a strain of M. tuberculosis resistant to a fluoroquinolone by line probeassay (Hain Genotype)
3. Has tuberculous meningitis or bone and joint tuberculosis
4. Is critically ill, and in the judgment of the investigator, unlikely to survive more than 4 months
5. Is known to be pregnant or breast-feeding
6. Is unable or unwilling to comply with the treatment, assessment, or follow-up schedule
7. Is unable to take oral medication
8. Has AST or ALT more than 3 times the upper limit of normal for Stage 2
9. Has any condition (social or medical) which in the opinion of the investigator would make study participation unsafe
10. Is taking any medications contraindicated with the medicines in any trial regimen
11. Has a known allergy to any fluoroquinolone antibiotic
12. Is currently taking part in another trial of a medicinal product
13. Has a QT or QTcF interval at screening or immediately prior to randomisation of more than or equal to 450 ms for Stage 2.
14. Has experienced one or more of the following risk factors for QT prolongation:
14.1. confirmed prolongation of the QT or QTcF more than or equal to 450 ms in the screening ECG (retesting to reassess eligibility will be allowed once using an unscheduled visit during the screening phase)
14.2. Pathological Q-waves (defined as Q-wave more than 40 ms or depth more than 0.4-0.5 mV)
14.3. Evidence of ventricular pre-excitation (e.g., Wolff Parkinson White syndrome)
14.4. Electrocardiographic evidence of complete or clinically significant incomplete left bundle branch block or right bundle branch block
14.5. Evidence of second or third degree heart block
14.6. Intraventricular conduction delay with QRS duration more than 120 ms
14.7. Bradycardia as defined by sinus rate less than 50 bpm
14.8. Personal or family history of Long QT Syndrome
14.9. Personal history of cardiac disease, symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmias, with the exception of sinus arrhythmia
14.10. Syncope (i.e. cardiac syncope not including syncope due to vasovagal or epileptic causes)
14.11. Risk factors for Torsades de Pointes (e.g., heart failure, hypokalemia, or hypomagnesemia)
15. Has received treatment for MDR-TB in the 12 weeks prior to screening
16. Has a history of cirrhosis and classified as Child’s B or C at screening or a bilirubin more than 1.5 times upper limit of normal.
17. Has an estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) less than 30 mL/min based on the Cockcraft-Gault equation
18. Is HIV positive and has a CD4 count less than 50 cells/mm3
19. Has amylase elevation more than two times above the upper limit of normal
20. Has a history of alcohol and/or drug abuse
21. Has had previous treatment with bedaquiline
22. Has taken rifampicin in the seven days prior to randomisation
23. There has been a delay of more than four weeks between the screening consent and randomisation
24. Is an employee or family member of the investigator or study site staff with direct involvement in the proposed study
Recruitment start date
01/03/2016
Recruitment end date
30/03/2019
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Ethiopia, Mongolia, South Africa, Viet Nam
Trial participating centre
National Center of Infectious Diseases
Ulaanbaatar
13335
Mongolia
Trial participating centre
St. Peter's TB Specialized Hospital
Addis Ababa
N/A
Ethiopia
Trial participating centre
Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI)
Addis Ababa
N/A
Ethiopia
Trial participating centre
Gondar University Hospital
Gondar
N/A
Ethiopia
Trial participating centre
King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex
Durban
N/A
South Africa
Trial participating centre
Sizwe Tropical Diseases Hospital
Johannesburg
N/A
South Africa
Trial participating centre
Doris Goodwin Hospital
Pietermaritzburg
N/A
South Africa
Trial participating centre
Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital
Ho Chi Minh City
N/A
Viet Nam
Sponsor information
Organisation
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD, Inc.)
Sponsor details
61 Broadway
Suite 1720
New York
10006
United States of America
Sponsor type
Research organisation
Website
Funders
Funder type
Research organisation
Funder name
The United States Agency for International Development
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Funder name
Medical Research Council
Alternative name(s)
MRC
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Federal/National Government
Location
United Kingdom
Funder name
Department of International Development
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Funder name
Janssen Research and Development
Alternative name(s)
Janssen R&D, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, JRD
Funding Body Type
private sector organisation
Funding Body Subtype
corporate
Location
United States of America
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
1. Planned publication of results in a peer reviewed journal
2. Stharing of study results with participants through mechanisms and materials reviewed and approved by The Union’s Ethics Advisory Group and other relevant stakeholders
Intention to publish date
30/09/2022
Participant level data
Available on request
Results - basic reporting
Publication summary