Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
In view of the obesity epidemic, it is important to understand which factors determine the appetizing and/or satiating responses to food cues. It is well known that short exposure to food cues, e.g. the sight or odour of freshly baked bread or pizza, can enhance salivation and appetite feelings. On the other hand, people report to be less hungry after cooking a meal, which is exposure to sight and odour of food for a longer period of time. In this study, we want to investigate some aspects of this apparent paradox. The primary objective is to investigate the effect of exposure to several odours on appetite, appetite for the smelled food and salivation over time.
Who can participate?
Unrestrained healthy women, 18-45 yr old, BMI 18.5 25 kg / m2
What does the study involve?
Participants were expected in the lab for 6 times, around lunch time. During every visit, the response to two different test conditions was measured (two test sessions were conducted on one day), resulting in 12 sessions. The first session was a practice session to get the participants acquainted to the procedure. During the remaining 11 session, the participants were exposed to two control sessions with no odour and nine sessions with different odours. During each session, salivation, hunger, appetite, appetite for different kind of foods and food preference was measured. Each session started with baseline measurements in which participants answered the appetite questionnaire and salivation was measured, in a room with no odour present. Subsequently, each participant entered one of the test rooms that contained either one of the odours or no-odour. The participants were given instructions on a computer. The appetite questionnaire was filled out 1, 5 9, 13 and 18 minutes after entering the room and the saliva collected 0.5, 4, 8 and 17 minutes after entering the room. After 20 minutes, the participants entered another room with no odour to complete a food preference questionnaire. When finished, participants received a snack.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
A fee of 90 euros was paid upon completion of the study. Compared to other studies the burden can be considered as low. No possible health benefits.
The risk associated with participation is negligible.
Where is the study run from?
Restaurant of the Future (Netherlands).
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
The start date was 2 May 2011. The duration of the trial was 8 weeks.
Who is funding the study?
Technology Foundation STW (Stichting Technische Wetenschappen) (Netherlands).
Who is the main contact?
Marielle Ramaekers
marielle.ramaekers@wur.nl
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Mrs Marielle Ramaekers
ORCID ID
Contact details
Bomenweg 2
Wageningen
6703 HD
Netherlands
+31 (0)317 482520
marielle.ramaekers@wur.nl
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
NL35493.081.11
Study information
Scientific title
Effect of orthonasal odour exposure time on appetite, appetite for smelled foods and salivation, investigated for different odours: a cross-over study
Acronym
Study hypothesis
1. One minute exposure to food odours increases appetite, appetite for the smelled food and salivation, compared to baseline (t=0).
2. Twenty minute exposure to food odours increases appetite and salivation, compared to baseline (t=0), but decreases the appetite for smelled foods.
3. Non-food odours evoke different appetite responses than food odours.
Ethics approval
Medical Ethical Testing Committee (METC), Wageningen University, April 2009, ref: NL35493.081.11
Study design
Cross-over study
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Other
Trial type
Screening
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information
Condition
Obesity
Intervention
Cross-over study with 8 odour conditions: 5 food odours, 2 odours in duplo (repeated two times), two non-food odours and no-odour (duplo). Each participant completed two sessions per day, in total 12 sessions.
Twenty minute odour exposure to eight different odour conditions: no-odour (duplo), bread odour, chocolate odour (duplo), banana odour, tomato soup odour, meat odour (duplo), grassy odour and pine tree odour. Exposure to one odour during one session.
Intervention type
Other
Phase
Not Applicable
Drug names
Primary outcome measures
1. Appetite (on visual analogue scale) was filled out at baseline and 1, 5 9, 13 and 18 minutes after onset of odour exposure
2. Appetite for smelled foods (on visual analogue scale) was filled out at baseline and 1, 5 9, 13 and 18 minutes after onset of odour exposure
3. Appetite for smelled foods measured with food preference questionnaire was filled out 20 minutes after onset of odour exposure
Secondary outcome measures
Salivation at baseline and 0.5, 4, 8 and 17 minutes after onset of odour exposure
Overall trial start date
02/05/2011
Overall trial end date
23/06/2011
Reason abandoned
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Women aged 18-45 years
2. Healthy, based on self report
3. Body mass index (BMI) 18.5-25 kg/m2
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Female
Target number of participants
20
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Smoking
2. Restrained eater
3. Lack of appetite
4. Dieting for the past 2 months
5. Change in body weight > 5 kg during last 2 months
6. Vegetarian
7. Hyper sensitivity or allergy to any food product
8. Pregnant or breast feeding during last 6 months
Recruitment start date
02/05/2011
Recruitment end date
23/06/2011
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Netherlands
Trial participating centre
Bomenweg 2
Wageningen
6703 HD
Netherlands
Sponsor information
Organisation
Technology Foundation STW (Stichting Technische Wetenschappen) (Netherlands)
Sponsor details
Postbus 3021
Utrecht
3502 GA
Netherlands
Sponsor type
Research organisation
Website
Funders
Funder type
Research organisation
Funder name
Technology Foundation (STW) (Netherlands)
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Not provided at time of registration
Intention to publish date
Participant level data
Not provided at time of registration
Results - basic reporting
Publication summary