Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Antibiotic resistance remains high on the health agenda. Despite decades of scientific research on the rational use of antibiotics, there remains substantial room for improvement. However, it is not known whether these impacts are sustained over time and achievable in large scale programs. The aim of this study is to optimize the appropriate use of antibiotics in patients with non-complicated infections (upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media), community acquired pneumonia and non-complicated cystitis, in order to counter the advance of antibiotic resistance.
Who can participate?
Patients aged over 18, diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infections, acute bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, non-complicated cystitis, or community acquired pneumonia, at participating practices and insured at AOK health insurance in two German federal states (Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia)
What does the study involve?
Participating practice networks are randomly allocated to one of three groups and compared with a fourth group that delivers usual care. Each of the three groups gets a different set of quality improvement components. Group A receives a conventional quality improvement program with four components, most of which target physicians. Group B receives the conventional program as well as additional components which target medical assistants and patients in the practices. Group C receives the conventional program and a different set of additional components which target physicians, other medical specialists beyond that and healthcare providers as well. Insurance claims data is collected, and questionnaires, interviews, focus groups and a patient survey are carried out. The use of antibiotics is compared between the groups.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The quality of healthcare for patients with non-complicated infections will be improved by improving the use of antibiotics in participating practices. This will help to counter the development of antibiotic resistance. The risks are low and harm to participants is not expected.
Where is the study run from?
1. aQua Institute (Germany)
2. University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
July 2017 to December 2019
Who is funding the study?
Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), Innovation Fund (Germany)
Who is the main contact?
1. Prof. Joachim Szecsenyi
2. Prof. Michel Wensing
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Prof Joachim Szecsenyi
ORCID ID
Contact details
Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3
Marsilius Arkaden
Turm West
Heidelberg
69120
Germany
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Prof Michel Wensing
ORCID ID
Contact details
Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3
Marsilius Arkaden
Turm West
Heidelberg
69120
Germany
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
01NVF16008
Study information
Scientific title
Sustainable reduction of antibiotics-induced antimicrobial resistance (ARena) in German ambulatory care: a cluster randomized trial
Acronym
ARena
Study hypothesis
The focus in this study is on scaling up and combining existing quality improvement and implementation strategies, therefore it can be hypothesized to achieve sustainable and large-scale uptake of recommended use of antibiotics in ambulatory care in participating practices and practice networks.
Ethics approval
Ethics committee of the Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 03/08/2017, ref: S-353/2017
Study design
Non-blinded cluster randomized trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
GP practices
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Non-complicated infections like upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media, and community acquired pneumonia and non-complicated cystitis
Intervention
Non-blinded cluster randomized trial with three arms and an added cohort that reflects usual care in 14 practice networks in two German federal states (Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia) with an additional process evaluation.
The trial consists of three different intervention arms (A, B and C), where each arm will get a different set of quality improvement components. The 14 participating practice networks are randomly allocated to one of the three interventions arms by independent statisticians and concealed from others in the project.
Intervention group A receives a conventional quality improvement program with four components, most of which target physicians:
1. E-learning on communication with patients for physicians
2. Quality circles with data-based feedback for physicians
3. Information campaigns for the public
4. Performance-based additional reimbursement
Intervention group B receives the conventional program as well as additional components, which target medical assistants and patients in the practices:
5. E-learning on communication with patients for medical assistants
6. Quality circles with data-based feedback for medical assistants
7. Patient information materials
Intervention group C receives the conventional program and a different set of additional components which target physicians, other medical specialists beyond that and healthcare providers as well:
8. Computerised decision support system (CDSS)
9. Quality circles in local multidisciplinary groups
10. Discussion about and feedback on local antimicrobial resistance
All in all the implementation strategy consists of 10 intervention components.
The added cohort that reflects usual care is based on claims-data and will get usual care in the scope of the statutory health care system.
The study is planned for 30 months, with an intervention period of 24 months.
The primary and secondary outcomes are based on pseudonymized claims data and refer to well-established, modified ESAC-Net indicators. Claims data are based on billing data of physicians - like medical prescriptions, diagnoses (ICD-10 codes) and medical service according to the German Einheitlicher Bewertungsmaßstab (EBM), loosely translated as uniform valuation standard for medical services. Additionally, routine data of statutory health insurance will be used: (a) hospital and ambulatory treatments, (b) service of statutory nursing care insurance, and (c) basic claims data. These data are extracted from administrative data at the health insurers involved each quarter year.
Within the process evaluation tailored questions for interviews and questionnaires are used to collect appropriate data. The questionnaires are given to healthcare professionals three times with in the intervention period in month 4 to 6, 10 to 12 and 22-24. Interviews are done in month 10 to 15. Focus groups with general practitioners will be conducted in month 1 to 3, 7 to 9, 13 to 15, 19 to 20, and 25 to 27. Patients in study arm B will be asked to fill out a questionnaire twice within the intervention period in month 4 to 6 and 16 to 18.
Analysis: The evaluation based on claims-data will examine the difference in the usage of antibiotics and compare effects between study arms in generalized equation models. In addition, sensitivity analyses will be done to examine the robustness of the main findings. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis will be used to analyse survey data within the process evaluation. The interview-data will be qualitatively analysed using thematic framework analysis whereas focus group-data will focus on identifying barriers and key topics. The patient survey data will be analysed using descriptive statistics as well as correlation and regression analysis.
Intervention type
Behavioural
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Antibiotics prescription rate in patients with non-complicated acute infections (upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media) within the three intervention arms, extracted from pseudonymized claims data each quarter year
Secondary outcome measures
Extracted from pseudonymized claims data each quarter year:
1. Use of antibiotics in ambulatory care in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 residents (respectively insured persons) per day and region
2. % of defined daily dose (DDD) of (a) broad-spectrum quinolones of all used antibiotics and (b) broad-spectrum cephalosporins (3rd and 4th generation) of all used antibiotics
3. % of patients (18-75 years) with acute bronchitis, patients (> 18 years) with sinusitis, patients (> 2 years) with otitis media and patients (> 1 year) with upper respiratory tract infections/tonsillitis with a prescription of (a) recommended antibiotics, if necessary at all, but (b) less broad-spectrum antibiotics like quinolones
4. % of women (> 18 years) with a diagnosis of non-complicated cystitis and a prescription of (a) antibiotics, (b) recommended antibiotics but (c) less broad-spectrum antibiotics like quinolones
5. % of patients (18-65 years) with community acquired pneumonia and a prescription of (a) antibiotics, (b) recommended antibiotics, (c) less broad-spectrum antibiotics like quinolones and (d) less broad-spectrum antibiotics like cephalosporins or macrolides
6. % of patients with non-complicated infections who use medical emergency service
7. % of patients with community-acquired pneumonia and hospitalization
The process evaluation covers (a) the uptake and perceived impact of intervention components by participants with a focus on handling patients with non-complicated infections, (b) the perceived impact of contextual factors, particularly those related to practice networks, and (c) perceptions of patients’ expectations regarding antibiotics prescribing.
Overall trial start date
01/07/2017
Overall trial end date
01/12/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Healthcare professionals need to be part of one of the 14 participating practice networks in Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia and belong to one of the following medical specialist groups (Facharztgruppen, FG): GPs (Allgemeinmediziner, Hausarzt, hausätzlich tätiger Internist: FG 01, 02, 03), internists (Internist: FG 23), gynaecologists (Gynäkologe: FG 15, 18), ENT physicans (HNO-Arzt: FG 19), urologists (Urologe: FG 67), respiratory physicians (Pneumologe: FG 30,39,45), and paediatricians (Kinderarzt: FG 34, 40, 46)
2. Patients aged over 18, diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infections, acute bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, non-complicated cystitis, or community acquired pneumonia by physicians in participating ambulatory practices and registered at AOK health insurance in Bavaria or North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Participant type
Mixed
Age group
Mixed
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
14 practice networks (= cluster) with 338 ambulatory practices and approximately 10,000 patients per intervention group.
Participant exclusion criteria
Participants younger than 18 years and without German language skills will be excluded from survey and interviews
Recruitment start date
01/09/2017
Recruitment end date
30/09/2017
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Germany
Trial participating centre
aQua Institute
Goettingen
37073
Germany
Trial participating centre
University Hospital Heidelberg
Dept. of General Practice and Health Services Research
69120
Germany
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), Innovation Fund
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
The study protocol will be published. Publications are planned in high-impact peer reviewed journals.
IPD sharing statement
The data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date.
Intention to publish date
31/12/2019
Participant level data
To be made available at a later date
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2018 results in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402306
2020 results in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31921412 (added 13/01/2020)
2020 results in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32171252 (added 17/03/2020)