Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Patients having a hip or knee replacement lose almost a third of their blood during and after the operation. Many patients, especially those who are older will need a blood transfusion, suffer from anaemia (low levels of red cells in the blood) or have a slow recovery after the operation. Tranexamic acid is a medication used to treat or prevent excessive blood loss. It is used regularly in other areas of medicine, but only in patients who are likely to bleed a lot in routine hip or knee replacement surgery. In order to use this drug as in standard care for all patients, a study needs to be carried out to find out how well tranexamic acid works to reduce blood loss after the operation in a large group of patients having a hip or knee replacement, including those at risk of blood clots. This study also aims to find out how safe tranexamic acid treatment is to use in different patients and the best way to give tranexamic acid (in tablet form or through a drip), as well as how much to give and how long it should be given after an operation.
Who can participate?
Adults awaiting hip or knee replacement surgery.
What does the study involve?
Patients who are suitable and agree to take part are randomly placed in one of three treatment groups: no treatment (standard care), receiving treatment (tranexamic acid) during the hip or knee operation through a drip, or receiving treatment during the hip or knee operation through a drip plus taking a tablet every 8 hours (starting at 2 hours) for 24 hours after the operation. Patients are not evenly distributed among the three groups, as there will be a 1-in-5 chance of being in the no treatment group and a 2-in-5 chance of being in one of the treatment groups. For all patients, total blood loss is recorded 48 hours after surgery. A blood sample is also taken when the standard blood tests are done in order to measure how well the heart and blood clotting systems are working. For patients receiving treatment, if the routine kidney function tests taken before their operation show less than normal function, a lower does of tranexamic acid is used.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
It is expected that patients who receive the tranexamic acid will benefit from losing much less blood during and after their operation, and so be less likely to need a blood transfusion, have reduced stress on the heart and have an easier recovery. Tranexamic acid can cause side effects like other drugs. Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and allergic reactions are rare but possible. The drug literature mentions that patients with a history of clots are at a higher risk of another clot when taking tranexamic acid. However no studies on tranexamic acid have ever found this to be true. Depending on the diagnosis, patients who have had a previous clot will be included because we think that these patients will benefit the most from reduced blood loss. In addition, in this study, patients will only take tranexamic acid for one day. For other conditions, patients safely take tranexamic acid for a number of days or weeks.
Where is the study run from?
Primary Joint Unit, Musgrave Park Hospital (UK)
When is study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
January 2016 to June 2019
Who is funding the study?
Belfast Arthroplasty Research Trust (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Professor David Beverland
david.beverland@belfasttrust.hscni.net
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Prof David Beverland
ORCID ID
Contact details
Primary Joint Unit
Musgrave Park Hospital
Stockman's Lane
Belfast
BT9 7JB
United Kingdom
Type
Public
Additional contact
Dr Catherine Adams
ORCID ID
Contact details
Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Unit (NICTU)
1st Floor Elliott Dynes
The Royal Group of Hospitals
Grosvenor Road
Belfast
BT12 6BA
United Kingdom
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
2015-002661-36
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
15039DB-SW
Study information
Scientific title
Single centre randomised controlled trial to assess the effect of the addition of twenty-four hours of oral tranexamic acid post-operatively to a single intra-operative intravenous dose of tranexamic acid on calculated blood loss following primary hip and knee arthroplasty
Acronym
TRAC-24
Study hypothesis
The use of oral TXA for 24 hours following a primary THA or TKA in addition to an intra-operative IV bolus of TXA will significantly reduce a patient’s indirect blood loss at 48 hours as compared to intra-operative IV TXA in isolation.
Ethics approval
East of England- Cambridge East Research Ethics Committee, 10/03/2016, ref: 16/EE/0068
Study design
Phase IV single-centre open label three-arm randomised controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use contact details to request a participant information sheet
Condition
Elective primary hip or knee replacement
Intervention
Current Interventions as of 28/03/2018
Randomisation of patients to Control Group 3 has stopped following the interim analysis and DMEC recommendation as outlined in section 13.4. Patients will be randomised to either Group 1 or Group 2 and treated as below.
Original Interventions:
Patients will be randomised to to Intervention Group 1, Intervention Group 2 or Control Group 3 (standard care) with an allocation ratio of 2:2:1. The trial statistician will generate the randomisation sequence. A blocked randomisation process with randomly permuted block sizes will be used.
Intervention Group 1: Tranexamic acid (1 g) will be given via IV drip during the operation plus a tranexamic acid tablet (1 g) at 2 h, 10 h, 18 h and 26 h after the operation. Patients with impaired kidney function will be given a reduced dose dependent on creatinine levels measured before the operation.
Intervention Group 2: Tranexamic acid (1 g) will be given via IV drip during the operation. Patients with impaired kidney function will be given a reduced dose dependent on creatinine levels measured before the operation.
Control Group 3: Patients receive standard care (no tranexamic acid).
For up to 48 hours, extra blood for research purposes will be taken during routine blood tests on the day of surgery and after the operation. Any adverse events will be reported. At the 90 day follow up patients will be telephoned by a research nurse and asked questions about any complications and an oxford score questionnaire will be completed. Any complications and adverse events will be reported. Belfast Orthopaedic Information System and Death registry will be checked for outpatient mortality. At the 1 year follow up patients will be seen at a routine 1 year post-surgery clinic and oxford score date will be obtained. Belfast Orthopaedic Information System and Death registry will be checked for outpatient mortality. If a patient is discharged from hospital before their 48 hour blood sample has been taken, a research nurses will visit them in their home, if consent has been given, to take the sample at the 48 hour point.
Intervention type
Drug
Phase
Phase IV
Drug names
Tranexamic acid
Primary outcome measure
Indirectly calculated blood loss (ml) 48 hours post-surgery is calculated by using red cell counts before and after surgery in a mathematical formula.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Incidence of post-operative haemoglobin (Hb) levels falling below the transfusion trigger (irrespective of transfusion) prior to discharge is measured from routine blood testing on day of surgery (Day 0) and post-operative Days 1-4
2. Effect of body mass index (BMI), pre-operative measure taken from the Belfast Orthopaedic Information System (BOIS), on the volume of indirect blood loss at 48 hours (Day 2) post-operative is found using statistical analysis by the Trial Statistician
3. C-reactive protein level is measured through blood testing at baseline and 48 hours post-surgery
4. Creatinine level is measured through blood testing at baseline and 48 hours post-surgery
5. 90 day mortality is measured using the BOIS and death registry at 90 days post-surgery
6. One year mortality is measured using BOIS and death registry at 1 year post-surgery
Overall trial start date
01/01/2016
Overall trial end date
06/07/2020
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Awaiting primary elective hip or knee replacement
2. Both male & female
3. Aged between 18 and 100 years
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
1166 originally. Following the Interim Analysis a minimum of 932 patients is required.
Participant exclusion criteria
Current participant exclusion criteria as of 28/03/2018:
1. Patients who do not pass a pre-operative assessment for elective total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA)
2. Fractured neck of femur
3. Haemophiliac or coagulation disorders that require TXA
4. Allergy to tranexamic acid or any of its excipients
5. Platelets <75,000/mm3 at pre-operative assessment*
6. Patients on active treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) (deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolisms (PE)) within 6 months of surgery*
7. History of VTE within 6 months of surgery*
8. Patients who have had a myocardial infarction (MI) within 12 months*
9. Cardiac stent within 12 months of surgery*
10. Patients who have had a stroke (cerebrovascular accident (CVA)) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 9 months of surgery*
11. Use of antiplatelet medication within 7 days of surgery* (Does not include aspirin if dose <300mg).Anticoagulant use within 7 days of surgery (thienopyridines, clopidogrel etc.)*
12. Direct thrombin inhibitors within 2 days of surgery*
13. Factor Xa inhibitors within 2 days of surgery*Xa inhibitors within 2 weeks of surgery*
14. The INR level is greater than or equal to 1.5 in a patient who has stopped warfarin in preparation for surgery Patients who have stopped Warfarin in preparation for surgery but have an INR level greater than or equal to 1.5*
15. Hepatic failure*
16. Patients with epilepsy
17. Patients requiring therapeutic anticoagulation post-operatively eg. metallic heart valves.
18. Pregnant women, women who have not yet reached the menopause (no menses for ≥ 12 months without an alternative medical cause) who test positive for pregnancy, are unwilling to take a pregnancy test prior to trial entry
19. Patients who have been using combined hormonal contraception (which includes combined oral contraception (COC), combined contraceptive transdermal patch and vaginal ring) within 4 weeks of surgery*.Patients who have taken the combined oral contraceptive pill within 4 weeks of surgery*
20. Female patients who are breastfeeding
21. Treated with any other investigational medication or device within 60 days
22. Patients unable to provide informed consent
23. Patients who are unable or unwilling to commit to the study schedule of events
24. Patients unwilling to provide informed consent
25. Patients who present for simultaneous bilateral THA or TKA
26. Patients who are on renal dialysis and have an AV fistula
27. Patients who previously have been enrolled in this study
*These are patients with contra-indications to primary hip or knee replacement.
Original participant exclusion criteria
1. Patients who do not pass a pre-operative assessment for elective total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA)
2. Fractured neck of femur
3. Haemophiliac or coagulation disorders that require TXA
4. Allergy to tranexamic acid or any of its excipients
5. Platelets less than 75,000/mm3at pre-operative assessment*
6. Patients on active treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) (deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolisms (PE)) within 6 months of surgery*
7. History of VTE within 6 months of surgery*
8. Patients who have had a myocardial infarction (MI) within 12 months*
9. Cardiac stent within 12 months of surgery*
10. Patients who have had a stroke (cerebrovascular accident (CVA)) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 9 months of surgery*
11. Anticoagulant use within 7 days of surgery (thienopyridines, clopidogrel etc.)*
12. Direct thrombin inhibitors within 2 days of surgery*
13. Xa inhibitors within 2 weeks of surgery*
14. Patients who have stopped Warfarin in preparation for surgery but have an INR level greater than or equal to 1.5*
15. Hepatic failure*
16. Patients with epilepsy
17. Patients requiring therapeutic anticoagulation post-operatively eg. metallic heart valves.
18. Pregnant women, women who have not yet reached the menopause (no menses for ≥ 12 months without an alternative medical cause) who test positive for pregnancy, are unwilling to take a pregnancy test prior to trial entry
19. Patients who have taken the combined oral contraceptive pill within 4 weeks of surgery*
20. Female patients who are breastfeeding
21. Treated with any other investigational medication or device within 60 days
22. Patients unable to provide informed consent
23. Patients who are unable or unwilling to commit to the study schedule of events
Recruitment start date
01/07/2016
Recruitment end date
06/07/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Musgrave Park Hospital
Primary Joint Unit
Stockman’s Lane
Belfast
BT9 7JB
United Kingdom
Funders
Funder type
Charity
Funder name
Belfast Arthroplasty Research Trust (BART)
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
It is hoped to publish study findings in peer review journals and present findings at appropriate conferences and patient group meetings. Publication of the trial protocol is expected in June 2018.
Intention to publish date
06/07/2021
Participant level data
Available on request
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2018 protocol in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30064517