Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Death rates are high among mothers and newborns in Malawi. One way of dealing with this is to provide Emergency Obstetric and New born Care (EmONC). Malawi has a shortage of medical doctors who can offer EmONC. To compensate for this shortage, the Government introduced formal training of Non-Physician Clinicians (NPCs), known as Clinical Officers in Malawi, in 1976 to offer such services. However, they lack a clear professional support and supervision policy. Strengthening the position of NPCs has the potential to expand cost-effective, quality health services and improve access to health care, which will in turn reduce the number of mother and baby deaths. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of an intervention whereby Clinical Officers/Non-Physician Clinicians are trained as advance leaders in advanced obstetrics and paediatrics.
Who can participate?
Non-physician clinicians in Malawi.
What does the study involve?
Fifteen districts in the Central and Northern Regions of Malawi are randomly allocated to either receive the intervention or to not receive the intervention (control districts). Within the intervention districts about 50 NPCs are provided with the advanced leadership and skills training intervention. The research assistants then invite the trained NPCs to be interviewed about how the intervention has worked/fitted in to the hospital routine. As part of the intervention the trained NPCs are expected to cascade the training they have received to others within their districts (e.g., other NPCs or midwives). The research assistants identify a number of these people from the NPC’s records and they are approached and interviewed about the training they received and how they have been able or indeed unable to use what they have been taught.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
This is a low-risk study, no patient identifiable data is used and no patients are approached. All interviewees provide written informed consent and can withdraw at any time. No participant is identified in any reports or write-up.
Where is the study run from?
Warwick Medical School (UK)
When does the study take place?
November 2011 to February 2014
Who is funding the study?
European Commission
Who is the main contact?
Dr Paul O’Hare
Trial website
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
N/A
Study information
Scientific title
The impact of training non-physician clinicians in Malawi on perinatal / neonate mortality: a cluster randomised controlled evaluation of the Enhancing Training and Appropriate Technologies for Mothers and Babies in Africa (ETATMBA) project
Acronym
Study hypothesis
Evaluate the impact on healthcare outcomes of an intervention whereby clinical officers/non-physician clinicians (NPCs) are trained as advance leaders in advanced obstetrics and paediatrics.
Explore changes in hospital outcomes including maternal and perinatal mortality comparing intervention districts with controls.
Ethics approval
University of Warwick Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, ref 143/09/2011
Study design
Cluster randomised controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Maternal and neonatal mortality
Intervention
Fifteen districts (clusters) of the Central and Northern Regions of Malawi will be randomly assigned to either receive the intervention or to be a control district.
The intervention is the training of NPCs in specific skills. Module 1 will consist of in depth theoretical review and demonstration of prevention and management of the five major killers of mothers and the three most common causes of neonatal death e.g. resuscitation of the newborn, treatment of maternal and neonatal sepsis etc. with facilitated referral in delivery. Module 2 will deal with leadership and module 3 will be on the job training in surgical skills for the management of emergency obstetric complications. The control Districts/Hospitals will continue with their usual EmONC services.
Briefly, the training package is an 18-24 month programme of skills training and practice. The programme will involve three week long intensive training sessions (over a year) in advanced obstetrics and neonatal care, combined with in-service training of two six-month periods to apply enhanced teaching, training and audit. Assessment of knowledge, competence and performance will be examined at the start of the programme and satisfaction, assessment of knowledge, competence and performance will be examined at the end. Trainees will have to successfully complete and pass a number of tasks (e.g. audits, training others, reflective practice)and will be asked to complete a short feedback questionnaire at the end of each days training noting what they feel they have learned and how valuable the training was to them.
The training programme will comprise the major causes of maternal and neonatal mortality, how to teach, and research and leadership skills.
Practical and operative skills in the intervention districts will be supported by a specialist registrar in obstetrics working for a period of four weeks with NPCs to reinforce training, and rotating over the first year to all intervention hospitals. This on the job supervision and support will be supplemented by cell phone and electronic communication between trainees and specialist consultants.
Intervention type
Other
Phase
Not Applicable
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Perinatal mortality (defined as fresh stillbirths and neonatal deaths before discharge from the health care facility):
Data will be extracted from the maternity log (Malawi Ministry of Health Maternity Register, Ver. 2 (July 2008)) at the district hospital and rural hospitals in each district by the two research assistants monitored by the local and UK team. Other facilities within the district (e.g. health Centres) also complete the same maternity log book from which summary data is returned to the district hospital on a monthly basis. This data will also be gathered by the researchers and the combined data will make up a complete picture of the districts. Data will be collected at three points in time retrospectively (i.e. the year leading up to date). Baseline data will be collected on cases (from the maternity logs and summary logs) for the 12 months prior to the date the training was delivered with two follow-ups at 12 monthly intervals. A paper Case Report Form (CRF) will be produced to facilitate data collection. Data will then be transferred to an MS Excel spread sheet for transfer to the study database.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Maternal death rates (case specific)
2. Recorded data (e.g. still births, Post-Partum Haemorrhage, C Section, Eclampsia, Sepsis, Neonatal resuscitation)
3. Availability of resources (e.g. are drugs/blood available)
4. Use of available resources (e.g. are drugs being used)
Alongside this we plan to carry out a process evaluation of the implementation of the intervention to inform future implementation of interventions like these or to develop it further for the future. The process evaluation will include outcomes which will explore how or why the intervention was either effective or indeed not effective. Including:
1. Challenges faced
2. Acceptability
3. Sustainability
Process evaluations particularly help researchers understand the causal pathways by which complex interventions might work and sometimes to interpret equivocal results. The shift towards greater evidence-based-practice means there is a greater need to know why an intervention works and, if it does not, why not. Process evaluation can facilitate this understanding and should be incorporated into the evaluation of health promoting interventions/programmes.
Within the intervention districts at the three time points (baseline, 12 and 24 months) the research assistants will approach the consenting NPCs (primarily to interview them, described below) but also to gather information about project related activities (e.g. who they have trained, when they did this, how many training session done, etc.).
For process evaluation purposes training registers, adherence to training procedures (during the project period), knowledge scores and training feedback will also be collected and collated from the intervention team. No identifiable data will be recorded (e.g. just numbers of attendances, pre and post scores).
Qualitative Data Collection:
In the intervention districts interviews will be carried out at each of the three time points with consenting NPCs (who have received the intervention training). These will be semi-structured interviews about their experiences relating to the project and its impact on practice. District medical and nursing officers in the intervention districts will be invited to be interviewed about the districts involvement in the intervention and at follow-ups how the intervention has worked/fitted in to the hospital routine. As part of the intervention the trained NPCs are expected to cascade the training they have received to others within their districts (e.g. other NPCs or midwives). The research assistants will identify a number of these people from the NPCs records and they will be approached and interviewed about the training they received and how they have been able or indeed unable to implement what they have been taught.
Overall trial start date
01/11/2011
Overall trial end date
28/02/2014
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
A non-physician clinician in Malawi who is receiving ETATMBA training
Participant type
Health professional
Age group
Adult
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
50
Participant exclusion criteria
Does not meet inclusion criteria
Recruitment start date
01/11/2011
Recruitment end date
28/02/2014
Locations
Countries of recruitment
Malawi
Trial participating centre
Warwick Medical School
Coventry
CV4 7AL
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
Organisation
University of Warwick (UK)
Sponsor details
Kirby Corner Road
Coventry
CV4 7AL
United Kingdom
Sponsor type
University/education
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Seventh Framework Programme ref: 266290
Alternative name(s)
EC Seventh Framework Programme, European Commission Seventh Framework Programme, EU Seventh Framework Programme, European Union Seventh Framework Programme, FP7
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
National government
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Not provided at time of registration
Intention to publish date
Participant level data
Not provided at time of registration
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2012 protocol in: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23098408
2016 results in: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28588915
Publication citations
-
Protocol
Ellard D, Simkiss D, Quenby S, Davies D, Kandala NB, Kamwendo F, Mhango C, O'Hare JP, The impact of training non-physician clinicians in Malawi on maternal and perinatal mortality: a cluster randomised controlled evaluation of the enhancing training and appropriate technologies for mothers and babies in Africa (ETATMBA) project., BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2012, 12, 116, doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-116.