Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Emotional and behavioural problems in children are a major concern - they interfere with their progress in school and in many cases, the negative effects can still be seen in adulthood. 'Universal' school-based interventions - in which every child in a given class takes part - may be a very good way of preventing such problems before they take root. However, there is very little high quality research on such approaches in the UK. The Good Behaviour Game (GBG) is a universal intervention developed in the USA. Children in a given class are divided into teams. Each team is then rewarded for following four basic rules of behaviour: (1) We will work quietly, (2) We will be polite to others, (3) We will get out of seats with permission, and (4) We will follow directions. The game is won by any team with fewer than four infractions to these rules. Initially, the GBG is played 3 times a week for a short period of time (e.g. 10 minutes). The rewards are very concrete (e.g. stickers) and given immediately. Over time, the game evolves so that it is played for longer periods (e.g. a whole lesson), more frequently (e.g. every day), and for more abstract rewards (e.g. free time) that are given at the end of the day or week. The international evidence base for the GBG is very strong, but we do not know if it will be effective in the UK (although a recent pilot in Oxfordshire indicated that schools like it and could implement it). Our team is to run a major trial of the GBG in England that focuses on (i) its effects on children’s educational (e.g. reading, behaviour) and health-related outcomes (e.g. mental health), and in particular (ii) its impact on boys who are showing the early signs of behaviour problems, (iii) examining whether the way in which the GBG is implemented influences the outcomes noted in (i) above, (iv) finding out if any effects of the GBG are maintained in the longer term (e.g. 12 and 24 months after the intervention is completed), (v) exploring the nature and strength of the relationship between children’s educational and health-related outcomes over time and (vi) determining if the GBG provides 'value for money'.
Who can participate?
All children who are on a given participating school’s full-time roll in each of the Year 3 classes at the start of the trial (school year 2015/16) will be considered as potential participants.
What does the study involve?
Our research uses a 'randomised controlled trial' (RCT) design - this is the gold standard method for testing if an intervention works. We randomly allocate schools to either deliver the GBG or carry on as usual with children in Year 3. The schools that deliver the GBG are trained and supported by coaches from Mentor UK. We take a range of measures at regular intervals to help us find out if the GBG is effective. We analyse the data collected using a variety of statistical tests to help us Our answer six key questions: (1) What is the impact of the GBG on children's education and health-related outcomes? (2) Is the impact of the GBG greater for boys who are considered to be 'at risk' of developing behaviour problems? (3) Are the effects of the GBG influenced by how well it is implemented? (4) Are the effects of the GBG maintained over time? (5) Are children's educational and health-related outcomes related to each other over time? (6) Does the GBG represent good value for money?
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The project presents the opportunity to participate in a large and rigorous educational research study which will lead to significant advancements in theory, research and practice in improving behaviour in the classroom; furthermore, the procurement of aggregated survey data for each school is extremely useful for school planning and other (e.g. school inspections) requirements. All participating schools will receive bespoke aggregated feedback following each wave of outcome data collection. This information is extremely useful to schools in helping them to plan their provision for pupils. The research team opted to offer this feedback following experience on other projects that indicated that it was something that schools valued. It is highly unlikely that the interviews or surveys will raise any sensitive issues. However, the design of the proposed research minimises the risk of harm to participants. As a failsafe, members of our research team will have reviewed participating schools’ health and safety protocols and will act accordingly in the event of such an incident. In terms of emotional harm, in the event of a participant becoming upset or distressed at any point in the research, the researcher will immediately cease data collection and contact an a-priori nominated member of school staff to provide support. Preventive measures will also be in place – for example, contact details of organisations who can provide independent support and advice on social and emotional issues (e.g. Childline) will be made available to all participants.
Where is the study run from?
Primary schools in Greater Manchester, West and South Yorkshire and the Midlands.
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
March 2013 to July 2019
Who is funding the project?
The project is funded by The Education Endowment Foundation and The National Institute for Health Research (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Professor Neil Humphrey
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Public
Primary contact
Dr Alexandra Barlow
ORCID ID
Contact details
Manchester Institute of Education
School of Environment
Education and Development
The University of Manchester
Oxford Road
Manchester
M13 9PL
Manchester
M139PL
United Kingdom
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Dr Alexandra Barlow
ORCID ID
Contact details
Manchester Institute of Education
School of Environment
Education and Development
The University of Manchester
Oxford Road
Manchester
M13 9PL
Manchester
M139PL
United Kingdom
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
14/52/38
Study information
Scientific title
Universal school-based prevention: examining the impact of the Good Behaviour Game (GBG) on educational and health-related outcomes for children.
Acronym
GBG – Good Behaviour Game
Study hypothesis
The primary aims of the proposed research are to examine the impact of the Good Behaviour Game on: 1. Educational
2. Health-related outcomes for children in primary schools in England through a cluster-randomised controlled trial.
Our aims will be achieved by addressing the following objectives:
Hypotheses associated with research objective A
H1: Children in primary schools implementing the GBG over a two-year period will demonstrate measurable improvements in reading (1a) and behaviour (1b) when compared to those children attending control schools
H2: The effects outlined in H1 above will be amplified for boys exhibiting borderline/abnormal levels of conduct problems at baseline
H3: The effects outlined in H1 above will be amplified for children eligible for free school meals
H4: Variation in implementation fidelity (H3a), adaptations (H3b), quality (H3c), dosage (H3d),
programme differentiation (H3e), reach (H3f) and participant responsiveness (H3g) will moderate
education-related outcomes in schools implementing the GBG
H5: Teachers implementing the GBG will demonstrate measurable improvements in efficacy in classroom management (5a) classroom stress (5b) and retention (5c) when compared to teachers in control schools
Hypotheses associated with research objective B
H1: Children in primary schools implementing the GBG over a two-year period will demonstrate
significantly better mental health (H1a), health-related quality of life (H1b), resilience (H1c) and
attendance (H1d), and significantly lower rates of bullying (H1e) and exclusion (H1f) when compared
to those children attending control schools
H2: The effects outlined in H1 above will be amplified for boys exhibiting borderline/abnormal levels of conduct problems at baseline
H3: Variation in implementation fidelity (H3a), adaptations (H3b), quality (H3c), dosage (H3d),
programme differentiation (H3e), reach (H3f) and participant responsiveness (H3g) will moderate
health-related outcomes in schools implementing the GBG
H4: The effects outlined in H1 (H4a) and H2 (H4b) will be sustained at two-year post-intervention
follow-up
H5: Children's educational and health-related outcomes will influence one another over time.
H6: The GBG will represent an efficient use of resources when considered from the perspective of
the UK Treasury, resulting in a social rate of return that is considered acceptable
Ethics approval
University of Manchester Research Ethics Committee, UREC, ref: 15126
Study design
A cluster-randomised controlled trial
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Cluster randomised trial
Trial setting
Schools
Trial type
Prevention
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use contact details to request a participant information sheet
Condition
Behaviour in the classroom – concentration, disruptive and pro-social
Intervention
The Good Behaviour Game (GBG) is one of the most popular behaviour management systems for primary-aged children. It has an extensive evidence base supporting its use. Since its initial development over 40 years ago multiple trials across the United States, the Netherlands and Belgium have attested to its effectiveness in promoting a range of positive outcomes (e.g. increased pro-social behaviour, reduced substance abuse, aggression and criminality). This has led to a number of endorsements from agencies such as the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (who have included it on their National Registry of Evidence-Based Programmes and Practices) and the University of Colorado Blueprints For Healthy Youth Development (who have classified it as a ‘promising programme’ in their database).
The GBG itself can be described as an, “interdependent group-oriented contingency management procedure”. Pupils in a given class are divided into mixed teams with up to 7 members. Strata can include a range of factors such as behaviour, academic ability, and gender. The teams then attempt to win the game as a means to access particular privileges/rewards. During the game period, the class teacher records the number of infractions to the following four rules among the teams:
1. We will work quietly
2. We will be polite to others
3. We will get out of seats with permission
4. We will follow directions
The game is ‘won’ by the team with the lowest number of infractions when it ends, although any team with fewer than four infractions also accesses the agreed reward.
Over the course of implementation of the GBG, there is a natural evolution in terms of the types of rewards used (from tangible rewards such as stickers to more abstract rewards such as free time), how long the game is played for (from 10 minutes to a whole lesson), at what frequency (from three times a week to every day), and when rewards are given (at the end of the game, end of the day, and at end of the week). At face value, the GBG draws upon the principles of behaviour management – children receive reinforcement when they engage in appropriate behaviours. However, the group-orientation means that the intervention also uses principles of social learning theory – pupils at-risk of developing behaviour problems are able to learn from the appropriate behaviour being modelled by other team members. Finally, the GBG is informed by social field theory, which posits that successful adaptation at different life stages is contingent upon an individual’s ability to meet particular social task demands. In school, these task demands include being able to pay attention, work well with others, and obey rules. Success in social adaptation is rated both formally and informally by other members of the social field (e.g. teachers, peers). Social field theory predicts that improving the way in which teachers socialise children will improve their social adaptation. It is also predicted that early improvements in social adaptation will lead to better adaptation to other social fields later in life.
The control condition is practice as usual. This essentially encompasses any approach to behaviour management used in English primary schools that is not the Good Behaviour Game. Based on experience this is best characterized by a combination of proprietary behaviour management initiatives (e.g. Behaviour2Learn) and related interventions (e.g. Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning) used throughout a given school, approaches at the whole class level (e.g. using behaviour contracts), rewards systems (e.g. token rewards systems, such as ‘house points’) and specific behaviour management techniques (e.g. time out). Our annual survey of usual practice will document this in detail in all participating schools.
Intervention type
Behavioural
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
The primary outcome measure for this study is children’s attainment in reading. The primary outcome will be assessed at pre-test (T1), post-test (T3) and at follow-up (T4 and T5). The primary outcome measure at T1 will be derived from the National Pupil Database (see below). At T3, T4 and T5 it will be administered via on-site whole-class testing.
The baseline period for the trial coincides with the end of Key Stage 1 teacher assessments for the study cohort and so children’s KS1 National Curriculum reading levels will be used as the pre-test covariate.
Post-test assessment of reading will utilize the Hodder Group Reading Test (www.hoddertests.co.uk). This paper-based measure produces National Curriculum levels, reading ages and standardized scores. It can be administered in a whole-class/group context and takes 30-35 minutes to complete, minimizing the data burden for participating schools.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Pupil secondary outcome measures are children’s behaviour which will be assessed at pre-test (T1), after 12 months (T2), and at post-test (T3) and at follow-up at (T4) and (T5) and children’s health-related outcomes which will be assessed at post-test (T3) and follow-up (T4 and T5)
2. Teacher secondary measures are teacher efficacy in classroom management, classroom stress, and retention which will be assessed at pre-test (T1), after 12 months (T2), and at post-test (T3)
Behaviour:
Children’s behaviour will be assessed using the Teacher Observation of Children’s Adaptation checklist (TOCA-C). At T1 only we will also employ the teacher-rated conduct problems subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) in order to identify our at-risk sample.
Health-related outcomes:
Children’s health-related outcomes will be assessed by a host of measures including:
1. Mental health (Me and My School scale, MMS - Deighton et al, 2013; emotional symptoms and conduct problems subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ - Goodman, 1997).
2. Health-related quality of life (Child Health Utilities 9D – CHU9D; Stevens, 2012).
3. Resilience (Child and Youth Resilience Measure 12 – CYRM; Liebernberg, Ungar & Leblanc, 2013).
4. Bullying (Bullying Behaviour and Experience Scale - BBES; Fink, Deighton, Humphrey & Wolpert, 2015
5. School attendance (% half-days missed due to unauthorized absence) and exclusions (fixed-term and permanent), derived from the National Pupil Database.
All proposed outcome measures have been selected above alternatives on the basis of their brevity, ease of administration and scoring, age appropriateness, psychometric properties, and use in similar or related research. Administration of the measures will be randomly counterbalanced to prevent order/fatigue effects.
Teacher efficacy in classroom management:
Teacher efficacy in classroom management will be assessed using the 4-item subscale of the short-form Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TES; Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001).
Teacher classroom stress:
Teacher stress will be captured using the 3-item classroom stress subscale of the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI; Boyle, Borg, Falzon, & Baglioni, 1995).
Teacher retention:
Teacher retention will be assessed through the use of a single item measure, as follows: “How likely are you to leave the teaching profession in the next 5 years?” Participating teachers will respond on a 6-item scale (Definitely/Highly Likely/Likely/Unlikely/Highly Unlikely/Definitely Not).
Overall trial start date
01/03/2015
Overall trial end date
31/07/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Our target population are children aged 7-8 years of age (Year 3) attending said primary schools at the beginning of the 2015/16 school year
2. All children who are on a given school’s full-time roll in each of the Year 3 classes at the start of the main trial will be considered as potential participants
3. Parental consent will need to be provided for each potential pupil to participate
Participant type
Other
Age group
Child
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
We aim to recruit up to 72 primary schools from Local Authorities across the Greater Manchester, South and West Yorkshire and the Midlands. We estimate a sample of up to 2,880 – an average of 40 per school – based on the proportion of single/mixed, double and triple form entry schools recruited in previous trials (e.g. PATHS to Success).
Participant exclusion criteria
Any children who do not meet the inclusion criteria specified above will be excluded from the study.
Recruitment start date
01/03/2015
Recruitment end date
17/06/2015
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
University of Manchester
Manchester Institute of Education
School of Environment, Education and Development
The University of Manchester
Oxford Road
Manchester
M13 9PL
Manchester
M139PL
United Kingdom
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Education Endowment Foundation
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Funder name
National Institute for Health Research
Alternative name(s)
NIHR
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Federal/National Government
Location
United Kingdom
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Intention to publish date
Participant level data
Not provided at time of registration
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list