ISRCTN - ISRCTN66099597: Clinical Officer Surgical Training in Africa (COST-Africa)

Plain English Summary

Background and study aims
Emergencies related to childbirth and distress represent a major and neglected part of Africas burden of disease. This is very common in district hospitals in Malawi and Zambia and other similar countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. These places lack trained staff to manage the burden of disease leading to surgery. This study (COST-Africa) proposes to show the impact, cost-effectiveness and possibility of providing surgical training to clinical officers. Surgical training of clinical officers has been tried and apparently works well in several African countries. However, it has never been carefully evaluated. A Bachelor of Science (BSc) in General Surgery has been established in Malawi for clinical officers and an improved surgical training programme has been designed for clinical officers undergoing medical licentiate training in Zambia, with support from COST-Africa. The study is designed to establish that non-physician clinicians can provide essential surgical care at district hospitals, safely, effectively and within the resource constraints of African countries. The study will develop guidelines for national Clinical Officer surgical training programmes across Africa.

Who can participate?
Participants will include the district hospitals, clinical officers and patients in the hospitals who undergo surgery.

What does the study involve?
The study evaluates two different models for training clinical officers to perform general surgery: an in-service training model in Malawi and a centralised training model in Zambia. Each of these models includes on-the-job technical support and coaching involving senior surgeon-supervisors who the clinical officers can consult for advice. For a period of 18 months the selected clinical officers will be placed at treatment hospitals where they will perform general surgery with periodic supervisory visits from trained surgeons. The study will be assessing the outcomes of surgery performed by the trained clinical officers in these hospitals. The results in these hospitals will be compared with results of surgery in control hospitals without trained clinical officers. During the study period the control hospitals will continue with their normal patient care procedures.

What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The study will help increase the volume and types of surgeries performed and improve surgical outcomes. This should help reduce referrals of patients requiring surgery to central hospitals. We do not expect any harm to be experienced at the hospital level. For clinical officers, they will improve their skills in performing surgery through mentored training by experienced surgeons, which will continue to more attractive career paths and retention within the health system. We do not expect any harm to clinical officers. For patients undergoing surgery we do not expect that their participation in the project will bring them any harm, as decisions on what kind of surgery is undertaken will be subject to the supervision and guidance of trained surgeons. Surgery will only be undertaken where it is likely to bring benefits.

Where is the study run from?
The study will be conducted at district hospitals in Malawi and Zambia (8 in Malawi and 15 in Zambia).

When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
The study started in March 2011 and will last 60 months.

Who is funding the study?
European Union (EU).

Who is the main contact?
Coordinator: Professor Ruairi Brugha (Ireland), rbrugha@rcsi.ie
Principal Investigator (PI) - Malawi: Professor Eric Borgstein, eborg@me.com
Co-PI - Malawi: Professor Nyengo Mkandawire, nmkandawire@medcol.mw
PI - Zambia: Dr John Kachimba, jskachimba@gmail.com
PI - Netherlands: Professor Rob Baltussen, rob.baltussen@radboudumc.nl

Trial website

http://www.costafrica.eu

Contact information

Type

Scientific

Primary contact

Prof Ruairi Brugha

ORCID ID

Contact details

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
123 St Stephens Green
Dublin
2
Ireland
+353 1 402 2764
costafrica@rcsi.ie

Additional identifiers

EudraCT number

ClinicalTrials.gov number

Protocol/serial number

FP7-AFRICA-2010, no: 266417

Study information

Scientific title

Clinical Officer surgical training in Africa (COST-Africa): a cluster randomised controlled trial

Acronym

COST-Africa

Study hypothesis

Clinical Officers (COs) in Malawi and Medical Licentiates (MLs) in Zambia are trained non-physician clinicians (NPCs). The study proposes that providing surgical training to NPCs in Africa will enable district hospitals to provide patients with cost-effective and safe surgical care.

Ethics approval

1. Research Ethics Committee of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 30th April 2012, ref: REC727
2. The University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Zambia, 29th May 2012, ref: 018-03-12
3. University of Malawi, College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC), Malawi, 31st July 2012, ref: P.03/12/1188.

Study design

Cluster randomised controlled trial

Primary study design

Interventional

Secondary study design

Randomised controlled trial

Trial setting

Hospitals

Trial type

Treatment

Patient information sheet

Not available in web format, please contact traceymccauley@rcsi.ie to request a patient information sheet

Condition

Diseases / conditions amenable to surgery

Intervention

Random allocation of district hospitals to intervention and control arms within pairs of similar (matched) district hospitals in Malawi and Zambia.

1. Intervention arm: the selected clinical officers will be placed at treatment hospitals (8 in Malawi and 15 in Zambia) where they will perform general surgery, with periodic supervisory visits from trained surgeons.

2. Control arm: hospitals without trained clinical officers. The study will measure outcomes at different levels: the graduate clinical officers, the hospitals, surgical patients and their families. During the study period the control hospitals will continue with their normal patient care procedures.

Intervention type

Procedure/Surgery

Phase

Not Applicable

Drug names

Primary outcome measures

Increase in the types and volume (numbers) of general surgical procedures at the interventions hospitals

Secondary outcome measures

1 Improved competence of COs/MLs to undertake general surgery, measured in terms of enhancements in:
1.1. Their surgical skills
1.2. Clinical management of patients
1.3. Implementation of clinical best practice protocols
1.4. Health care of patients
2. Change in rates of referral for general surgical procedures.
3. Change in morbidity and mortality from surgical conditions, improved quality of life
4. Reduced expenditure, both for hospitals providing surgery and patients undergoing surgery
5. Cost effectiveness in delivering general surgery by COs/MLs at the district level

Overall trial start date

01/04/2011

Overall trial end date

30/03/2016

Reason abandoned

Eligibility

Participant inclusion criteria

District hospitals with the infrastructural capacity to delivery surgery

Participant type

Patient

Age group

Adult

Gender

Both

Target number of participants

All suitable patients undergoing surgical procedures at the 8 intervention hospitals in Malawi and in at least 10 intervention hospitals in Zambia

Participant exclusion criteria

Children under five years of age attending district hospitals

Recruitment start date

01/04/2011

Recruitment end date

30/03/2016

Locations

Countries of recruitment

Malawi, Zambia

Trial participating centre

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
Dublin
2
Ireland

Sponsor information

Organisation

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (Ireland)

Sponsor type

University/education

Website

Funders

Funder type

Government

Funder name

European Union (EU) - 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) Grant, Ref: FP7-AFRICA-2010, grant agreement no: 266417