Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Chest infections are one of the commonest infections managed in children seen in GP surgeries. Most children who see the doctor with a chest infection currently get antibiotics. The trouble with prescribing antibiotics for most children is that we are using these medicines too much. This in turn is causing bacteria to become resistant, which is likely to lead in the future to serious infections for our children. The groups of children that are even more likely to get antibiotics at the moment are those who have one or more particular features - phlegm, fever, shortness of breath, or rattly noises heard in the chest when the doctor listens with the stethoscope. It is a real priority to show which groups of children that GPs prescribe for currently benefit from antibiotic treatment and which do not, so that antibiotics can be used appropriately and the effectiveness of antibiotics can be conserved for future generations.
Who can participate?
Children between 6 months and 12 years old with a chest infection.
What does the study involve?
We hope to recruit participants from local general practices across England and Wales. Participant recruitment will be done by a healthcare professional appropriately trained in the study procedures. They will gain consent for each child to take part in the study from a parent or guardian. The healthcare professional will then record some details about the child’s illness. An optional blood sample, throat swab, simple measure of blood oxygen and x-ray will be taken from each participant. Each child will be randomly allocated to an antibiotic (amoxicillin) or a matched placebo (dummy drug). Parents and guardians will be asked to give children one dose of medication three times a day for seven days and to fill in a study diary until the child recovers or 28 days, whichever comes soonest.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
The benefit of participating is not yet certain. We do know that a study of chest infections in adults that was very similar to this study showed that adults only got better, on average, one day quicker if they had antibiotics compared to no antibiotics. This is why we are doing this research. Many chest infections are not caused by bacteria but by viruses. Viruses are not killed by antibiotics. We do however know that taking antibiotics adds to what is called Antibiotic Resistance (AMR). This is when bacteria change how they respond to antibiotics and the result is the bacteria become less sensitive and less effective. This change stays within the body for as long as six months after taking even a short course of antibiotics. If we find children do not need antibiotics to recover from chest infections we will be helping everybody who needs these important medicines as we will be saving them for the times we need them in urgent use, as well as saving children from unnecessary antibiotic side effects.
Where is the study run from?
University of Southampton, University of Oxford, Cardiff University and University of Bristol (UK)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
September 2016 to July 2019
Who is funding the study?
NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme - HTA (UK), reference HTA 13/34/64
Who is the main contact?
Dr Kim Harman
Prof Paul Little
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Public
Primary contact
Dr Gillian O'Reilly
ORCID ID
Contact details
Primary Care & Population Science
Faculty of Medicine
University of Southampton
Aldermoor Health Centre
Aldermoor Close
Southampton
SO16 5ST
United Kingdom
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Prof Paul Little
ORCID ID
Contact details
Primary Care & Population Science
Faculty of Medicine
University of Southampton
Aldermoor Health Centre
Aldermoor Close
Southampton
SO16 5ST
United Kingdom
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
2015-002455-97
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
13381; HTA 13/34/64
Study information
Scientific title
Antibiotics for lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children presenting in Primary Care (ARTIC PC)
Acronym
ARTIC PC
Study hypothesis
Acute respiratory infections are among the commonest conditions managed in primary care. The Department of Health recognises that antibiotic resistance is an increasingly serious public health problem in England, Europe and the world, with rising resistance rates for a range of antibiotics and a clear relationship between primary care antibiotic prescribing (responsible for 80% of prescribing) and antibiotic resistance.
We are aware of no randomised placebo-controlled trials available to either support or dispute the common use of antibiotics in children with chest infections. Because of the lack of evidence in children it is difficult for GPs to go against the rising tide of antibiotic use to reduce prescribing antibiotics for children. Symptomatic predictors of prescribing include productive cough (‘wet' cough/rattly chest/sputum), shortness of breath, audible wheeze and fever, which are present in between 30% and 65% of children presenting with chest infections. However, a study looking at the average effect of antibiotics would provide unconvincing evidence to persuade healthcare professionals not to prescribe, as all healthcare professionals tend to prescribe in the face of uncertainty, giving patents the ‘benefit of the doubt’, and continue prescribing to particular subgroups according to their own ad hoc criteria. Thus it is necessary to study the heterogeneity of these children with acute cough and explore whether clinical and pathophysiological determinants identify subgroups where antibiotic treatment is or is not effective.
Our aim is to provide evidence to inform the use of antibiotics for the management of chest infections in children. The objectives are:
1. To estimate the effectiveness of amoxicillin overall and in key clinical subgroups of children presenting with uncomplicated (non-pneumonic) lower respiratory tract infection in primary care
2. To estimate the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics overall and in key clinical subgroups of children presenting with uncomplicated lower respiratory tract infection in primary care.
Added 28/07/2016:
Our provisionally agreed list is children with:
1. Sputum seen and/or heard by parents (’rattly chest’) or clinicians
2. History of fever
3. Physician rating of being unwell
4. Shortness of breath
5. Chest signs (non-focal coarse crepitations/rhonchi/wheeze)
The list of agreed primary and secondary subgroups will be finalised prior to agreeing the detailed analysis plan. The final list will take account of any new evidence and consensus among the study team, and the decision will be made blind to intervention group status.
3. To explore the estimates of effectiveness according to key pathophysiological subgroups (the presence of bacterial pathogens; raised C reactive protein measurement or white cell count; the presence of clinically undetected consolidation on X ray; oximetry; lung function)
On the assumption that the trial might demonstrate moderate benefit of antibiotic both overall and among subgroups, the potential benefits of the trial might include:
1. Reduced medicalisation and fewer unnecessary GP consultations in future episodes of LRTI
2. Reduced risk of anti-microbial resistance
3. Improved quality of care by providing evidence-based information to patients (parents) and reduced unwanted side effects in children
More details can be found at: http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/hta/133464
Protocol can be found at: http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/164582/PRO-13-34-64.pdf
Ethics approval
South West - Central Bristol Research Ethics Committee, 21/03/2016, ref: 15/SW/0300
Study design
Randomised controlled trial, with an observational study for participants ineligible for the trial (e.g. where pneumonia is suspected clinically) or where participants are unwilling to be randomised
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised controlled trial
Trial setting
GP practices
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in children aged 6 months - 12 years
Intervention
Amoxicillin 50mg/kg/24 hours (in divided doses for 7 days) or placebo
Intervention type
Drug
Phase
Phase IV
Drug names
Amoxicillin
Primary outcome measure
Current primary outcome measure as of 26/07/2016:
Duration of moderately bad chest infection symptoms (from validated symptom diary; where the diary is not returned using a brief questionnaire completed either by post or by phone)
Previous primary outcome measure:
Duration of moderately bad symptoms (from validated symptom diary)
Secondary outcome measures
Current secondary outcome measures as of 26/07/2016:
1. Symptom severity (days 2-4) (measured as with the 1y outcome); duration of symptoms until little or no problem (measured as with the primary outcome); re-consultation with non-resolving, new or worsening symptoms (from structured review of medical records); complications (from structured review of medical records)
2. Health-related quality of life will be measured by proxy methods in which the EuroQoL (EQ5D 5Y) will be completed by patients or carers (on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28)
3. Follow-up (at 1 month): measure lung function (if aged 6+; using PEFR meter)
Previous secondary outcome measures from 23/03/2016 to 26/07/2016:
1. Symptom severity (days 2-4); the development of new or worsening symptoms; complications
2. Health-related quality of life will be measured by proxy methods in which the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and EuroQoL (EQ5D) will be completed by patients or carers (on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28)
3. Follow-up (at 1 month): measure lung function (if aged 6+)
Original secondary outcome measures:
1. Symptom severity (days 2-4); the development of new or worsening symptoms; complications
2. Health-related quality of life will be measured by proxy methods in which The Health Utilities Index (HUI-Mark III) and EuroQoL (EQ5D) will be completed by patients or carers (on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28)
3. Follow-up (at 1 month): measure lung function (if aged 6+)
Overall trial start date
01/07/2016
Overall trial end date
30/06/2019
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
Children between 6 months and 12 years old presenting with an acute lower respiratory infection (LRTI), defined as an acute cough as the predominant symptom, judged by the GP to be infective in origin, lasting <21 days, and with other symptoms or signs localising to the lower tract (shortness of breath, sputum, pain)
Added 26/07/2016:
Individuals who are allergic to penicillin, who cannot be randomised (e.g. with known immune deficiency, or where a complication such as pneumonia is suspected on clinical grounds), or are unwilling to be randomised, are still eligible for the observational study where the same outcomes will be measured.
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Child
Gender
Both
Target number of participants
938 in the RCT
Participant exclusion criteria
1. The cough is judged by the clinician to have a non-infectious aetiology (e.g., hayfever or non-infective exacerbation of asthma) or almost certain viral aetiology (croup, where antibiotics are not commonly prescribed)
2. Immune-compromised
3. Antibiotic use in previous 30 days
4. For the trial, suspected pneumonia based on clinical examination or being very severely ill as judged by the GP is an exclusion (but such children can still enter the observational study which will allow for an assessment of trial participants’ external validity)
5. Only one child from each household will be recruited
Recruitment start date
01/08/2016
Recruitment end date
31/08/2018
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
University of Southampton
SO16 5ST
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
University of Oxford
OX2 6GG
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Cardiff University
CF14 4XN
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
University of Bristol
BS8 2PS
United Kingdom
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Health Technology Assessment Programme
Alternative name(s)
NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme, HTA
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
Federal/National Government
Location
United Kingdom
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
To be confirmed at a later date
Intention to publish date
01/05/2019
Participant level data
Not expected to be available
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list