Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Controlling blood sugar levels during pregnancy is very important for the health of the mother and the baby. However, many women with type 1 diabetes find it hard to avoid high blood sugar levels without experiencing low blood sugar levels (hypoglycaemia). Closed-loop systems consist of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), a computer algorithm (mathematical instructions which calculate the insulin dose) and an insulin pump. During closed-loop, the CGM measures the glucose levels and relays them to the computer. The computer calculates an appropriate insulin dose according to the algorithm. It communicates with the insulin pump to give out the particular dose of insulin every 12 minutes. The closed-loop system has already been tested in women with type 1 diabetes during early, mid and late pregnancy. How it adapts insulin for the changing needs of pregnancy both in hospital and at home overnight has already been studied. In addition, a
study similar in design to this one has tested the use of overnight closed-loop insulin delivery compared with using an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor alone and demonstrated that the technology was safe and worked well. This study will test how day and night closed-loop compares to the overnight glucose control achieved by an insulin pump and CGM without closed-loop.
Who can participate?
Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
What does the study involve?
Participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. All of them wear an insulin pump and a CGM sensor continuously during their time in the study. Those in group 1 also use the closed-loop technology for insulin delivery overnight for 4 weeks. Participants in group 2 use the insulin pump and GSM without the closed-loop for 4 weeks. After this time, all participants resume their normal treatment for 1-2 weeks. They are then allocated to the other group and treated accordingly for a further 4 weeks (i.e. those participants that were using the closed-loop now don’t, and vice versa).
Once the participants have completed both treatments, they are asked to complete questionnaires and interviews about their experience of the closed-loop system. They have blood tests to find out the effect of the closed-loop system on their glucose control. They also wear a wrist band to measure their sleep both before and during their time in the study. After the end of the study, the participants have the opportunity to continue on either of the study treatments until the end of their pregnancy and up until 6 weeks after they deliver their baby.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Participating in this study may help people to better understand what happens to their blood sugar levels during pregnancy. It will also help research into the development of closed-loop systems. Participants may also benefit from wearing a CGM and insulin pump. Studies suggest that using CGM helps women to improve blood sugar control and reduces the risk of delivering a large baby. Outside pregnancy, insulin pump use is associated with better glucose control and improved quality of life. The University of Cambridge insurance policy will include cover both for negligent and for non-negligent harm. The cover for non-negligent harm is not usually offered for clinical studies and may be considered as an additional benefit. The insulin pump and CGM sensor may produce mild pain when inserted into the skin. There is a low risk for developing a local skin infection at the site of the insulin pump or CGM insertion. Itchiness, redness, bleeding, and bruising at the pump and CGM insertion sites may occur as well as local tape allergies. Participants will be alerted by a systems alarm if the closed-loop system stops working or malfunctions in any way, for example loss of connection between the closed-loop computer and the insulin pump. If the participant does not respond to the alarm, their usual basal insulin delivery will be automatically started. During the study, participants may experience a hypo (low blood sugar levels) as may happen in everyday life. There will always be either a health professional from the study team contactable by phone to help adjust to insulin doses, and advise regarding treatment.
Where is the study run from?
NHS hospitals belonging to one of the following four NHS trusts: Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
January 2016 to December 2016.
Who is funding the study?
The National Institute of Health Research (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Dr Zoe Stewart
zas25@medschl.cam.ac.uk
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Public
Primary contact
Dr Zoe Stewart
ORCID ID
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8629-3841
Contact details
Level 4
Institute of Metabolic Science
Addenbrooke’s Hospital
Hills Rd
Cambridge
CB20QQ
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1223 769 069
zas25@medschl.cam.ac.uk
Type
Scientific
Additional contact
Dr Zoe Stewart
ORCID ID
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8629-3841
Contact details
Level 4
Institute of Metabolic Science
Addenbrooke’s Hospital
Hills Rd
Cambridge
CB2 0QQ
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1223 769 069
zas25@medschl.cam.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
N/A
Study information
Scientific title
Evaluation of the feasibility, utility, safety and efficacy of day and night closed-loop insulin delivery at home in women with type 1 diabetes during pregnancy
Acronym
CLIP 24/7
Study hypothesis
An automated closed-loop insulin delivery system can be used reliably, safely and effectively by pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in the home setting, to improve day and night glucose control.
Ethics approval
NRES Committee East of England - Cambridge Central, 11/09/2015, ref: 15/EE/0278
Study design
Interventional study - a multi-centre, open-label, randomised crossover design.
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised cross over trial
Trial setting
Other
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Type 1 diabetes in pregnancy
Intervention
The investigational treatment is the FlorenceD or follow-up prototypes of the automated overnight closed-loop system manufactured by the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Component versions will be identified during regulatory submission to the MHRA. Eligible participants, who provide informed consent, complete training for the study pump and the study CGM and are competent and compliant in the use of both devices, will be randomised using a 4-block randomisation based on computer-generated random code. The study reporting period is from the time of recruitment (obtaining informed consent) until 6 weeks post-partum. After completing the two active study arms (4 weeks of closed-loop insulin delivery and 4 weeks of sensor-augmented pump therapy), participants will have follow-up HbA1c measurements at 28, 32 and 36 weeks gestation, and 6 weeks post-partum. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes will be collected at the end of pregnancy. Adverse events that continue after the subjects discontinuation or after 6 weeks post-partum will be followed until their medical outcome is determined or until no further change in the condition is expected.
Intervention type
Device
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
Time spent in the target glucose range from 3.5-7.8 mmol/L, as recorded by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during the 28 day intervention periods.
Secondary outcome measures
1. Time with glucose levels in the hypoglycaemic range, based on continuous glucose monitoring (glucose levels < 2.8 mmol/L)
2. Time with glucose levels in the hyperglycaemic range, based on continuous glucose monitoring (glucose levels > 7.8 mmol/L)
3. Metabolic control assessed by change in HbA1c after the use of closed-loop system for 28 days, compared with that during continuous glucose monitoring without the closed-loop system for 28 days. HbA1c will be measured before and after each intervention arm
4. CGM data collected during intervention arms will be compared to baseline CGM readings
5. Trends in CGM data collected within intervention arms will also be evaluated on weekly basis (i.e. week 1 versus week 2 versus week 3 versus week 4)
6. CGM data collected after the intervention arms i.e. during pregnancy and up to 6 weeks post-partum will also be compared to baseline and intervention arm readings using CGM summary statistics and functional data analyses
Overall trial start date
01/06/2015
Overall trial end date
31/12/2016
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Signed informed consent obtained before study-related activities. Study-related activities are any procedure that would not have been performed during standard medical care
2. The participant is between 18 and 45 years of age (inclusive)
3. A viable singleton pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound, at gestational age ≥ 8 and ≤ 24 weeks
4. The participant is on intensive insulin therapy (≥3 injections or CSII) and compliant with diabetes self-management i.e. doing ≥4 SMBG tests per day
5. The participant is able and willing to use the study devices and complete the CGM and study pump run-in assessments
6. The participant is able to speak and understand English
Participant type
Patient
Age group
Other
Gender
Female
Target number of participants
16
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Non-type 1 diabetes mellitus
2. Any other physical or psychological disease likely to interfere with the normal conduct of the study and interpretation of the study results such as coeliac disease or untreated hypothyroidism.
3. Current treatment with drugs known to interfere with glucose metabolism as judged by the investigator such as systemic corticosteroids, non-selective beta-blockers and MAO inhibitors.
4. Known or suspected allergy against insulin.
5. Women with nephropathy, neuropathy, gastroparesis or proliferative retinopathy as judged by the investigator that is likely to interfere with the normal conduct of the study and interpretation of study results.
6. Very good or very poor glycaemic control i.e. first antenatal HbA1c ≤ 47mmol/mol (<6.5%) and current (within 2 weeks of recruitment) HbA1c ≥10% (86mmol/mol)
7. Total daily insulin dose 1.5 IU/kg at booking
8. Severe visual or hearing impairment
9. Unable to speak and understand English
Recruitment start date
12/01/2016
Recruitment end date
30/06/2016
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Cambridge University Hospitals
NHS Foundation Trust
Box 277, Addenbrooke's Hospital
Hills Road
Cambridge
CB20QQ
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Norwich
NR4 7UY
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust
Heath Rd
Ipswich, Suffolk
IP4 5PD
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Denmark Hill
London
SE5 9RS
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
Organisation
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Sponsor details
Cambridge University Hospitals
NHS Foundation Trust
Box 277
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Hills Road
Cambridge
CB20QQ
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1223 217418
r&denquiries@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
Sponsor type
Hospital/treatment centre
Website
Organisation
University of Cambridge
Sponsor details
Research Office
University of Cambridge
16 Mill Lane
Cambridge
CB2 1SB
United Kingdom
Sponsor type
University/education
Website
Organisation
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Sponsor details
Sponsor type
Not defined
Website
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
National Institute for Health Research
Alternative name(s)
NIHR
Funding Body Type
government organisation
Funding Body Subtype
National government
Location
United Kingdom
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
We plan to publish the results of this study in a peer-reviewed journal within 2-3 months of the completion of the study. We will also forward the results of the study to all participants in the study and to the funders.
Intention to publish date
30/03/2017
Participant level data
Available on request
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2018 results in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29535135