Plain English Summary
Background and study aims
Carbohydrates (commonly referred to as CHO) are the preferred substrate to support energy during prolonged moderate to high intensity exercise. In humans, the majority of CHO is stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver. However, these stores are finite and may become completely depleted with prolonged exercise. The importance of glycogen on endurance performance has been recognised for decades, and the ability to sustain exercise is closely related to pre-exercise glycogen availability in addition to the observation that fatigue often coincides with glycogen depletion.
Post-exercise nutrition has received less attention, although recovery is a critical part of training and is likely to affect the subsequent performance and health. A number of studies have showed that ingesting CHO would accelerate muscle glycogen. Other studies have showed that the addition of protein to CHO would result in even greater glycogen recovery. More research is needed to establish whether protein co-ingestion would improve glycogen restoration during short-term recovery and/or repeated exercise performance and whether glycogen availability could limit performance during repeated exercise.
Who can participate?
Healthy male participants who run regularly (2-4 hours/week) as part of their training and that are aged between 18 and 28 years old.
What does the study involve?
There will be two distinct phases of testing and two nutritional interventions will be compared in a cross-over study (i.e. participants will act as their own controls). There will be an interval of 21 days between the nutritional interventions. In phase I, participants will receive a solution containing either 3% or 12% CHO solution in equal volumes between treatments. In phase II, participants will receive either the same 12% CHO or an isoenergetic mixture of 8% CHO and 4% protein. Each participant will be required to undertake 2 preliminary tests and 2 main tests.
The first preliminary tests to be administered will last approximately 60-90 minutes and involve an assessment of running economy (called VO2 km-1) and maximal oxygen uptake (called VO2 max). A second preliminary test will take place on a separate day and participants will be asked to complete the exercise to be performed during the main tests but without any tissue samples being collected, in order to get used to the study procedures.
Each main test will involve a moderate to high intensity treadmill running until exhaustion before a 4 hour recovery period, during which participants will ingest one of the sports drinks every 30 minutes. Following recovery, participants will be asked to run on the treadmill until exhaustion. Venous blood and expired air samples will be collected throughout the trials. Heart rate will be monitored continually throughout the test. Muscle samples will be collected after each exercise session and following the intervening recovery. Brain wave (EEG) activity will be monitored during exercise by wearing a Lycra stretch cap with embedded electrodes.
Participants will be required to weigh and record their normal food intake for 2 days during the preliminary test period and then adhere to this diet in the 2 days prior to subsequent main tests (scales and a food record diary will be provided). They will be required to arrive in the laboratory on the morning of each main test having observed a 10-12 hour fast. They will also need to refrain from heavy exercise, alcohol and caffeine in the 2 days prior to each main test.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
During the VO2max and main tests, participants will be running to fatigue. But full recovery is expected within 5 minutes. Blood sampling may cause minor bruising and carries a small risk of air or plastic embolism, as can happen in such procedures, but good practice minimises any risks.
Where is the study run from?
All the tests will take place at the Physiology Research Laboratory at the University of Bath, UK.
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
The study is expected to start in June 2011 and complete in June 2013.
Who is funding the study?
The project is funded by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Higher Education.
Who is the main contact?
Abdullah F. Alghannam
A.F.Alghannam@bath.ac.uk
Trial website
Contact information
Type
Scientific
Primary contact
Mr Abdullah Alghannam
ORCID ID
Contact details
Department for Health
University of Bath
Claverton Down
Bath
BA2 7AY
United Kingdom
+44 (0)1225 383 448
A.F.Alghannam@bath.ac.uk
Additional identifiers
EudraCT number
ClinicalTrials.gov number
Protocol/serial number
N/A
Study information
Scientific title
Macronutrient ingestion, muscle glycogen and post-exercise recovery: a randomised cross-over experimental design with two phases to examine the inter-relationships between ingesting various quantities of carbohydrate with and without added amino acids, muscle glycogen availability and the capacity to perform repeated bouts of exercise with limited recovery.
Acronym
Study hypothesis
1. Muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise performance will present a dose-response relationship with the quantity of carbohydrate ingested
2. Muscle glycogen resynthesis will be similar between carobhydrate-protein and and energy matched carbohydrate supplements while repeated exercise performance will be improved with protein co-ingestion
Ethics approval
National Health Service (NHS) South West 3 Research Ethics Committee (REC), 15/10/2009, ref: 09/h0101/82
Study design
Randomised double blinded cross-over experimental study
Primary study design
Interventional
Secondary study design
Randomised cross over trial
Trial setting
Hospitals
Trial type
Treatment
Patient information sheet
Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet
Condition
Nutrition and post-exercise recovery
Intervention
1. Provision of different nutritional supplements during a 4 hour recovery period and the assessment of exercise capacity following recovery phase
2. There are 4 treatment arms (2 in each phase)
3. The total number of participants would be 10 in phase I and 10 in Phase II in a crossover experimental design
4. Thus, in each phase the same participants (n=10) will undergo both treatment arms
5. Phase I will include comparisons of recovery and subsequent performance between a high CHO (1.2 g.kg BM) vs low CHO (0.3 g.kg BM) supplements provided in 7 doses at a 30 minute intake interval during recovery
6. Phase II will include comparisons of recovery and subsequent performance between a CHO-protein (0.8 g.kg BM CHO + 0.4 g.kg BM
7. Protein vs an isoenergetic CHO supplement (1.2 g.kg BM) provided in 7 doses at a 30 minute intake interval during recovery
Intervention type
Supplement
Phase
Drug names
Primary outcome measure
1. Muscle glycogen resynthesis rates and repeated running capacity following short-term recovery.
2. For muscle glycogen measurement, muscle samples from the thigh will be obtained via needle biopsy technique
3. For measurement of repeated running capacity, a run time to volitional exhaustion at 70%VO2max will be employed
4. All measurements contributing to both the primary and secondary outcomes are made throughout two 7 hour (approximate) lab visits in each phase of the study
Secondary outcome measures
1. All the mechanistic data explaining how the interventions may have impacted on both the restoration of glycogen stores and attenuation of the onset of fatigue during a subsequent exercise bout (metabolic regulatory hormones, blood and plasma metabolites, brain wave function and estimation of extramuscular carbohydrate oxidation)
2. For the determination of metabolites in the blood, venous blood samples will be drawn via an indwelling catheter fitted to an antecubital vein during exercise and recovery
3. For estimation of extramuscular CHO oxidation will be calculated as the difference between whole-body CHO oxidation through Douglas bag method (derived from indirect calorimetry) and the rate of intramuscular CHO oxidation (estimated from glycogen degradation)
4. For Measurement of brain wave activity, an EEG-specific Lycra stretch head cap with imbedded electrodes will be worn by participants
5. All measurements contributing to both the primary and secondary outcomes are made throughout two 7 hour (approximate) lab visits in each phase of the study
Overall trial start date
17/06/2011
Overall trial end date
17/06/2013
Reason abandoned (if study stopped)
Eligibility
Participant inclusion criteria
1. Healthy male participants
2. Habitually active with running as a central component of their training (2-4 hours/week)
3. Aged between 18-28
Participant type
Healthy volunteer
Age group
Adult
Gender
Male
Target number of participants
20
Participant exclusion criteria
1. Participation in any other clinical trial
2. Any known bleeding or metabolic disorders
3. Any known allergies towards stitches
4. Any reported use of substances that may be deemed as a risk to the person or the experiment
5. Any other condition or behaviour that may be deemed as a risk to the person or the experiment
Recruitment start date
17/06/2011
Recruitment end date
17/06/2013
Locations
Countries of recruitment
United Kingdom
Trial participating centre
University of Bath
Bath
BA2 7AY
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
Organisation
Saudi Arabian Ministry of Higher Education (Saudi Arabia)
Sponsor details
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia
Cultural Bureau in London
630 Chiswick High Road
London
W4 5RY
United Kingdom
Sponsor type
Government
Website
http://www.mohe.gov.sa/en/studyinside/aboutKSA/Pages/default.aspx
Funders
Funder type
Government
Funder name
Saudi Arabian Ministry of Higher Education (Saudi Arabia) (ref: s4305)
Alternative name(s)
Funding Body Type
Funding Body Subtype
Location
Results and Publications
Publication and dissemination plan
Not provided at time of registration
Intention to publish date
Participant level data
Not provided at time of registration
Basic results (scientific)
Publication list
2014 protocol in: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670140
2016 results in: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197030
Publication citations
-
Protocol
Alghannam AF, Tsintzas K, Thompson D, Bilzon J, Betts JA, Exploring mechanisms of fatigue during repeated exercise and the dose dependent effects of carbohydrate and protein ingestion: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial., Trials, 2014, 15, 95, doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-95.