Does eating artisanal bread affect metabolism, inflammation or gut flora in people with metabolic syndrome?

The following measures will be recorded at the beginning and end of the intervention (8 weeks), for all participants:
1. Analysis of gut microbiome in terms of diversity (number of different bacterial species present in the samples) and richness (abundance of each species) microbial using a high sensitivity approach (sequencing with Illumina® technology) and quantitative PCR of stool samples. Species such as
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Escherichia coli, Roseburia, Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and total Eubacteria will be quantified and the index of intestinal dysbiosis defined by the ratio Faecalibacterium prausnutzii:Escherichia coli will be calculated.
2. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides) and blood glucose levels measurements will be conducted by enzymatic methodologies using a PENTRA-400 analyzer(Horiba-Diagnostics)
3. C-reactive protein will be measured by immunoturbidimetry using a PENTRA-400 analyzer
4. Inflammation markers (interleukin 6 and 8, soluble VCAM, soluble ICAM, tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma) will be analyzed using xMAP® technology from Luminex® in a BioPlex system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, United States)
5. Metabolic hormones (insulin, ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, glycagon) will be analyzed using xMAP® technology from Luminex® in a BioPlex system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, United States).

The following measures will be recorded at the beginning and end of the intervention (8 weeks), for all participants:
1. Weight: Individuals will wear light clothing without shoes and will be weighed with a high-quality electronic scale (calibrated every 3 months with a unit of known mass). The weight will be expressed in kg with a decimal, rounded to the value of 100 g
2. Height: Individuals should remove their shoes and jackets. The height will be measured standing with a stadiometer with an accuracy of 1 cm. The values will be expressed in cm.
3. Waist circumference. The volunteer will be placed horizontally with clothing that does not compress the abdomen. The abdominal perimeter will be measured in expiration at the intermediate level between the last rib and the iliac cretae, at the most prominent point of the trochanter.
4. Hip circumference. The volunteer will be placed horizontally with clothing that does not compress the abdomen. The maximum circumference at the level of the buttocks will be recorded in cm. The waist/hip index will be calculated.
5. Blood pressure. Volunteers should sit in a chair with their backs and arms supported in a situation that allows the armband to be at the level of the heart. Volunteers should avoid smoking or taking caffeine during the 30 min prior to blood pressure determination. The measurement should be started at least after 5 min of rest. The determinations should be made with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure measurements will be determined in duplicate (separated by 1 min between them) and after 5 min of rest. The arm with the highest mean diastolic blood pressure will be the one chosen for the rest of the determinations throughout the study. Two or more readings should be averaged, if the first two differ more than 5 mmHg, additional readings should be obtained and averaged.
6. Blood levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein analyzed by immunoturbidimetry
7. Blood levels of inflammatory markers (interleukin 6 and 8, sVCAM, sICAM, TNF and interferon gamma) analyzed using xMAP® technology from Luminex®, in a BioPlex system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, United States)
8. Metabolic hormone profile (insulin, ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, glycagon) analyzed using xMAP® technology from Luminex®, in a BioPlex system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, United States).

In a subset of 16 participants:
9. Intake capacity of the participants measured using a validated satiety test through the intake of the Ensure® drink (a high-fat liquid designed for a satiety test). Participants will be asked to drink Ensure at regular speed (every 5 minutes a glass of 150 ml). Every 5 minutes they will be asked to indicate their level of satiety using a horizontal graphical scale that combines numbers from 0 to 5 with verbal descriptors (0 = no feeling of satiety, 1 = first feeling of fullness or fullness (threshold), 2 = slightly satiated or full, 3 = moderately satiated or full, 4 = completely satiated, I am not hungry any more, 5 = maximum satiety, I cannot eat anymore). We will also evaluate the symptoms (hunger, fullness, nausea, swelling, and pain), during and 30 and 60 min after completing the intake using 100 mm visual analogue scales. The satiety test will be carried out at study baseline and 8 weeks after intervention.
10. Satiety markers (endocannabinoids) will be determined at baseline and 1 h after the intake of Ensure
11. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, neuropeptides, and satiety hormones (insulin, ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, glycagon) will be measured in blood samples obtained at fasting (20 ml) and at 10 min (10 ml), 20 min (10 ml), 30 min (10 ml) and at the end of the test (10 ml)