Promoting early child development within a conditional cash transfer program

ISRCTN	ISRCTN14939508
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN14939508
Protocol serial number	N/A
Sponsor	UC Berkeley
Funders	Secretary of Social Development of Mexico, UBS-Optimus Foundation

Submission date: 02/06/2015
Registration date: 08/06/2015
Last edited: 08/06/2015

Recruitment status: No longer recruiting
Overall study status: Completed
Condition category: Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine

Prospectively registered

Protocol

Statistical analysis plan

Results

Individual participant data

Record updated in last year

Plain English summary of protocol

Background and study aims
Our long term goal is to understand what interventions work most best at improving early child development in vulnerable populations in the long term. Our objective here is to examine how well Mexico’s CCT (Oportunidades) works to achieve this when used with an innovative and well-designed parenting intervention (Educación Inicial). Having done some preliminary work, we believe that when CCT participation is linked to a program to improve parenting practices, there will be more consistently positive effects of CCT participation on child development than CCT program alone.

Who can participate?
Rural communities (less than 2500 inhabitants each) in Chiapas State in Mexico, and along the bordering area of Puebla and Oaxaca States in Southern Mexico identified as having had a minimum of 15 families with children 0 to 18 months of age, a high proportion of families in the community (>70%) taking part in the Oportunidades, Mexico’s CCT program, and where there was no prior history or current implementation of the Educación Inicial program.

What does the study involve?
Communities are randomly assigned into one of three groups. In those communities in group 1, households are given the standard conditional cash transfer benefits from the CCT and the parenting program (Educación Inicial) is made available. The same is the case for those households living in group 2 communities, but with the CCT program being responsible for promoting the parenting program and encouraging households to participate. Households in group 3 communities are given the standard conditional cash transfer benefits but the parenting program is not made available.

What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
There were no benefits or risks for the participants of the study. Participation in the study was in no way linked to receipt of program benefits.

Where is the study run from?
The study is run from three states in southern Mexico.

When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
September 2008 to October 2012

Who is funding the study?
The Mexican government is funding the study, as is the UBS-Optimus Foundation.

Who is the main contact?
Dr Lia Fernald
fernald@berkeley.edu

Contact information

Dr Lia Fernald
Scientific

50 University Hall
MC 7360
Berkeley
94720
United States of America

ORCID ID	0000-0003-1555-4607
Phone	5106439113
Email	fernald@berkeley.edu

Study information

Primary study design	Interventional
Study design	Stratified cluster randomized control design
Secondary study design
Study type	Participant information sheet
Scientific title	Supporting early child development within a conditional cash transfer program: a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of a group-based parenting intervention in Mexico
Study objectives	1. Participation in a group-based parenting education can result in greater benefits to children than participating in a CCT program alone 2. There will be differences between children in a community randomized to an arm in which participation in parenting classes was promoted and supported by the CCT and children in an arm where classes were available but not promoted by the CCT program 3. There will be differences in effects by indigenous status and other variables
Ethics approval(s)	1. Comisión de Ética, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico, 08/08/2008 2. UC Berkeley, Center for the Protection of Human Subjects, 07/22/2010, 2010-05-1528
Health condition(s) or problem(s) studied	Delayed early child development
Intervention	The intervention was a group-based parenting program for families with children ages 4 and under implemented at the community level. There were two treatment arms and one comparison arm. 1. First treatment arm: households received the standard conditional cash transfer benefits from the CCT, and the parenting program made available 2. Second treatment arm: households received the standard CCT benefits, and the parenting program made available; in this arm, though, the CCT program was responsible for promoting the parenting program and encouraging community members to participate 3. Comparison arm: households received the standard conditional cash transfer benefits, but the parenting program was not offered in the community
Intervention type	Behavioural
Primary outcome measure(s)	Measures of early child development (cognitive, language, motor).
Key secondary outcome measure(s)	1. Maternal mental health: Maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Spanish version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), a 20-item questionnaire with a range from 0-60. The CES-D has been validated for use in diverse Mexican populations. We will examine outcomes with respect to the total score on the 20-item measure as well as subscale scores. We will also use the sum of the Perceived Stress Scale, which was included to assess the frequency of stressful situations in the prior month. 2. Maternal caregiving and responsiveness: The extent to which caregivers respond to their children and provide stimulation for cognitive development is a critical factor contributing to child development, and we will measure this responsiveness using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventories. The HOME inventories are administered by naturalistic observation and interview at the child’s home, and include scales measuring the provision of activities/materials that encourage learning and maternal knowledge of appropriate caregiving practices, and have been associated with better social, motor, cognitive, language and academic performance across a range of ages in the US and in various countries. We have previously used the HOME scale in many other studies. 3. Food consumption: For children 0 to 18 mo of age (baseline), mothers were asked a series of questions regarding breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. At follow up, mothers were asked to report on the types and frequency of foods consumed by their children, as well as other information related to the use of bottles and feeding style (responsive feeding). Although we cannot quantify dietary intake of energy or other nutrients, these methods have been used extensively in Mexico and have been shown to distinguish children whose dietary patterns follow international recommendations and those who do not.
Completion date	31/10/2012

Eligibility

Participant type(s)	Healthy volunteer
Age group	Child
Sex	All
Target sample size at registration	1113
Key inclusion criteria	To be eligible to participate in the study, communities needed to: 1. have a minimum of 15 families with children 0 to 2 years of age 2. have a high proportion of families in the community (>70%) incorporated into the CCT 3. have no current implementation of the parenting program or prior participation for at least the previous five years Additionally only rural communities (fewer than 2500 inhabitants) in Chiapas and bordering areas in Puebla and Oaxaca were considered for inclusion.
Key exclusion criteria	Age out of range of interest for study
Date of first enrolment	01/09/2008
Date of final enrolment	31/08/2009

Locations

Countries of recruitment

Mexico

Study participating centre

Oportunidades community centers in Chiapas, Puebla and Oaxaca

Mexico

Results and Publications

Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share	No
IPD sharing plan summary	Not expected to be made available
IPD sharing plan

Study outputs

Output type	Details	Date created	Date added	Peer reviewed?	Patient-facing?
Participant information sheet	Participant information sheet	11/11/2025	11/11/2025	No	Yes