Surgical Techniques: Robotic versus conventional Laparoscopic cholecystectomy IN benign Gallbladder disease (STARLING Trial)

30-day complications and morbidity, taking into account any complication as graded by the Clavien-Dindo classification. Data on all complications will be recorded, allowing for comparison of the frequency of complications, severity of individual complications and in the case of multiple complications: assessment of the comprehensive complication index number for each patient.

1. Duration of the procedure (minutes): Two time intervals will be recorded to assess procedure duration and robotic set-up times:
1.1. Total time spent in the operating theatre, measured as the time from patient arrival (hh:mm) to exit (hh:mm).
1.2. Actual surgical time, measured as the time from skin incision ("knife to skin") to skin closure (hh:mm).
Times will be recorded in minutes.
2. Peri-operative blood loss (millilitres) measured quantitatively in millilitres. Additionally, the number of tonsil swabs used during the procedure will be recorded as a qualitative indicator of blood loss.
3. Intra-abdominal pressure (mmHg) during surgery continuously measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) during insufflation throughout the surgical procedure.
4. Incidence (%) of gallbladder perforation during surgery: The percentage (%) of surgical procedures in which perforation of the gallbladder occurs intraoperatively.
5. Incidence (%) of intraoperative complications: Percentage (%) of patients experiencing any intraoperative complication during surgery.
6. Technical difficulty of the procedure graded according to Nassar classification
7. Intraoperative assessment of the liver parenchyma, classified into one of the following categories based on visual and tactile evaluation by the surgeon: normal, enlarged, steatotic, or cirrhotic.
8. Percentage (%) of surgical procedures during which imaging-based assessment of the common bile duct (CBD) was performed. Assessment is defined as the use of on-table cholangiogram (OTC) or intraoperative ultrasound (IOUSS) for visualization of the CBD.
9. Among patients in whom gallstones were identified in the common bile duct (CBD) during intraoperative assessment, the percentage (%) of cases in which CBD exploration was performed.
10. Use of peri-operative antibiotics. According to current guidelines, prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely indicated. Any deviations, including type, dose, and timing of antibiotics given during surgery, will be recorded.
11. Incidence (%) and number of drains placed during surgery. In cases with multiple drains, the total number of drains placed will be recorded.
12. Surgical perceived effort measured by Surgical Task Load Index (SURG TLX)
13. Amount and type of analgesia administered to the patient in the post-anesthesia care unit (recovery room) from arrival until discharge from recovery. Data includes all analgesic medications given and their dosages from arrival in recovery room until discharge from recovery.
14. Documentation of whether opioids were prescribed at the time of hospital discharge, including type, dose, and quantity, measured on day of discharge.
15. Percentage (%) of patients discharged from the hospital on the same calendar day as their surgical procedure, measured from surgery until discharge on the same day.
16. Duration in minutes from the patient's departure from the operating theatre to arrival in stage 3 recovery
17. Percentage (%) of patients who are readmitted to the hospital for any cause within 30 days following surgery
18. Percentage (%) of patients requiring any additional medical or surgical interventions within 30 days following cholecystectomy
19. Health-related quality of life measured by EuroQol 5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L) at baseline (preoperative), on the day of hospital discharge, at 7 days postoperatively, and at 30 days postoperatively
20. Gallstone-specific quality of life measured by Otago Condition-Specific Questionnaire (O-CSQ) at baseline (preoperative) and at 30 days postoperatively
21. Quality of recovery measured by Quality of Recovery 15 (QoR-15) questionnaire at hospital discharge, 7 days postoperatively, and 30 days postoperatively
22. Cost-effectiveness based on hospital costs within 30 days after surgery. To assess the impact of implementing robotic cholecystectomy (RC) on hospital costs, case data will be collected and compared between the RC and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) groups. This includes operative costs, admission costs, and additional treatment costs (total healthcare utilization) from the index operation up to 30 days postoperatively.