Randomised evaluation of sodium dialysate levels on vascular events
| ISRCTN | ISRCTN25527914 |
|---|---|
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN25527914 |
| IRAS number | 317616 |
| ClinicalTrials.gov number | NCT02823821 |
| Secondary identifying numbers | CPMS 53987, IRAS 317616 |
- Submission date
- 10/01/2023
- Registration date
- 22/03/2023
- Last edited
- 13/08/2025
- Recruitment status
- No longer recruiting
- Overall study status
- Ongoing
- Condition category
- Urological and Genital Diseases
Plain English summary of protocol
Background and study aims
In the UK 8000 people a year suffer permanent kidney failure and start dialysis. Dialysis sustains life, but at enormous cost, both in terms of healthcare spending and more importantly in terms of poor quality of life and drastically shortened life expectancy. The most common form of dialysis, haemodialysis, cleans the blood and removes excess water, but must be performed three times a week. It is a difficult and unpleasant treatment, with many patients continuing to suffer from excess fluid build-up, swelling, shortness of breath and fatigue. In addition, the build-up of salt (sodium) contributes to the high rates of heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure that affect people receiving long-term dialysis.
Currently, most dialysis centres set the dialysate sodium (the amount of salt in the fluid that washes the blood) between 135 mmol/l and 140 mmol/l and all patients in a given centre will have the same (default) dialysis sodium set on their machines for each session. Small studies suggest that sodium levels closer to the lower end of this range may increase the removal of excess salt from the body and reduce fluid build-up, which in turn may reduce the risks of heart disease and strokes. However, these same studies also suggest that levels closer to the upper end of the range may make the dialysis procedure more stable and lower the chance of blood pressure dropping during the dialysis session. This study will determine if a lower or higher dialysate sodium setting is preferable in terms of improving heart health and life expectancy.
Who can participate?
Dialysis units that mostly dialyse adults (aged 18 years old and over) receiving maintenance haemodialysis
What does the study involve?
Dialysis units are randomly allocated to use either a dialysate sodium of 137mmol/l or a dialysate sodium of 140mmol/l for about 3 years. Using information collected by the NHS and the UK Renal Registry, the number of people at each centre suffering a heart attack, stroke, heart failure, hospitalisation and death will be tracked to determine what is the best sodium setting to use to benefit the greatest number of patients.
What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
This is a pragmatic study so there are no additional risks to the participants. The benefits are for forthcoming participants who undergo dialysis as this may provide an accurate national default sodium level.
Where is the study run from?
University College London (UK)
When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
June 2022 to May 2026
Who is funding the study?
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) (UK)
Who is the main contact?
Dr Rumana Jalil-Rahman, cctu.resolve@ucl.ac.uk
Contact information
Scientific
UCL Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit
2nd Floor
90 High Holborn
London
WC1V 6LJ
United Kingdom
| Phone | +44 (0)20 7907 4685 |
|---|---|
| cctu.resolve@ucl.ac.uk |
Study information
| Study design | Randomized; Interventional; Design type: Treatment, Other |
|---|---|
| Primary study design | Interventional |
| Secondary study design | Cluster randomised trial |
| Study setting(s) | Hospital |
| Study type | Treatment |
| Participant information sheet | Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet |
| Scientific title | Randomised Evaluation of SOdium dialysate Levels on Vascular Events |
| Study acronym | RESOLVE |
| Study objectives | This global study will establish whether treatment with a default dialysate sodium concentration of 137 mmol/l compared with 140 mmol/l reduces major cardiovascular events and death in adult patients receiving haemodialysis in centres employing a default dialysate sodium. |
| Ethics approval(s) | Approved 01/11/2022, South Central - Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (Bristol REC Centre, Temple Quay House, 2 The Square, Temple Quay, Bristol, BS1 6PN, UK; +44 (0)207 104 8178, +44 (0)207 104 8182; berkshire.rec@hra.nhs.uk), ref: 22/SC/0280 |
| Health condition(s) or problem(s) studied | Renal disorders |
| Intervention | The RESOLVE study will randomly allocate 100 dialysis units across the UK to use either a dialysate sodium of 137mmol/l or a dialysate sodium of 140mmol/l for approximately 3 years. Using information collected by the NHS and the UK Renal Registry, the number of people at each centre suffering a heart attack, stroke, heart failure, hospitalisation and death will be tracked to determine what is the best sodium setting to use to benefit the greatest number of patients. 1. Study posters and patient leaflets will be available in the participating dialysis units. Additional information can be requested from unit staff and a ‘Study Information Sheet’ will be available. In addition, the study posters and patient leaflets will have a QR code with a link to the RESOLVE UK website where further information will be available about the study. 2. At this point patients can decide to opt out of data collection. 3. If the patient decides to allow data collection, then this visit and future visits to the unit will remain as normal. The duration and timing of dialysis will be unchanged. 4. Baseline data will be collected on patients, who don’t opt-out, from existing unit records. This does not require any input from the patients. 5. Site will be randomised. 6. Site will change its machines to use the allocated dialysate sodium as a default. 7. As all study data will be extracted from routine clinical data collection systems or registries (namely the UK Renal Registry and NHS Digital), participants will not be subjected to any additional questionnaires, medical tests, physical examinations or doctor’s visits. 8. All patients at the site (regardless of whether they opt out or not) will receive the allocated dialysate sodium per usual unit practice unless their doctor directs that a different sodium dialysate be prescribed. Patients who do not opt out, and who have their dialysate sodium individualised will remain in the study to maximise study generalisability and ensure a valid answer to the primary research question that concerns whether patient outcomes differ between units employing a higher or lower dialysate sodium. |
| Intervention type | Other |
| Primary outcome measure | The composite of hospitalised myocardial infarction, hospitalised stroke, and all-cause death, all measured using NHS Digital data at annual timepoints |
| Secondary outcome measures | 1. Hospitalised heart failure measured using NHS Digital data at annual timepoints 2. The time between these events (hospitalised acute myocardial infarction, hospitalised stroke, hospitalised heart failure and death) measured using NHS Digital data at annual timepoints 3. Health economics will be performed to calculate potential costs and health-related outcomes in patients undergoing dialysis with a sodium concentration of 137 mmol/l vs sodium concentration of 140 mmol/l over the duration of the study |
| Overall study start date | 01/06/2022 |
| Completion date | 01/05/2026 |
Eligibility
| Participant type(s) | Patient |
|---|---|
| Age group | Adult |
| Lower age limit | 18 Years |
| Sex | Both |
| Target number of participants | Planned Sample Size: 100; UK Sample Size: 100 |
| Key inclusion criteria | The principal SITE inclusion criteria are dialysis units that: 1. Predominantly dialyse adults (≥18 years old) receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2. Rates of withdrawal within the first two years of commencing dialysis for social reasons have been less than 15% for the 2 years prior to recruitment and are not expected to increase above 15% 3. Has a minimum of 10 dialysis recipients at the time of randomisation 4. Utilises a default dialysate sodium concentration at the time of recruitment (i.e. a substantial majority of dialysis sessions are conducted with the default dialysate sodium concentration) 5. Is a self-contained unit (i.e. unit patients do not regularly rotate through another unit. Brief trips by patients to a parent or other unit do not exclude a site). Note: If two or more sites have regularly rotating patients, these sites may be randomised together as a cluster. 6. Willing to accept randomisation to either intervention (as determined by the nominated Director of Unit) 7. Is not a home dialysis training or support unit (sites that include both in-centre or satellite dialysis patients and home patients may participate but the study procedures and assessments will only be conducted in the in-centre/satellite component of the site) |
| Key exclusion criteria | The principal SITE exclusion criteria are dialysis units that are: 1. Not able to comply with data collection methods |
| Date of first enrolment | 27/03/2023 |
| Date of final enrolment | 31/07/2024 |
Locations
Countries of recruitment
- England
- United Kingdom
Study participating centres
Pond Street
London
NW3 2QG
United Kingdom
80 Newark Street
London
E1 2ES
United Kingdom
Southmead Road
Westbury-on-trym
Bristol
BS10 5NB
United Kingdom
Oxford Road
Manchester
M13 9WL
United Kingdom
Barrack Road
Exeter
EX2 5DW
United Kingdom
Ethelbert Road
Canterbury
CT1 3NG
United Kingdom
Blackshaw Road
London
SW17 0QT
United Kingdom
Herries Road
Sheffield
S5 7AU
United Kingdom
Coreys Mill Lane
Stevenage
SG1 4AB
United Kingdom
Stott Lane
Salford
M6 8HD
United Kingdom
St Marys Hospital
South Wharf Road
London
W2 1BL
United Kingdom
Marton Road
Middlesbrough
TS4 3BW
United Kingdom
Shrewsbury
SY3 8XQ
United Kingdom
Stoke-on-trent
ST4 6QG
United Kingdom
Clifford Bridge Road
Coventry
CV2 2DX
United Kingdom
Denmark Hill
London
SE5 9RS
United Kingdom
Wrythe Lane
Carshalton
SM5 1AA
United Kingdom
Turner Road
Colchester
CO4 5JL
United Kingdom
Wolverhampton Road
Heath Town
Wolverhampton
WV10 0QP
United Kingdom
Mindelsohn Way
Edgbaston
Birmingham
B15 2GW
United Kingdom
Lyndhurst Road
Worthing
BN11 2DH
United Kingdom
Westcliff-on-sea
SS0 0RY
United Kingdom
Wigginton Road
York
YO31 8HE
United Kingdom
Anlaby Road
Hull
HU3 2JZ
United Kingdom
Sandford Road
Cheltenham
GL53 7AN
United Kingdom
Gorleston
Great Yarmouth
NR31 6LA
United Kingdom
Colney
Norwich
NR4 7UY
United Kingdom
Duckworth Lane
Bradford
BD9 6RJ
United Kingdom
Sponsor information
University/education
c/o Emilia Caverly
Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit
2nd Floor
90 High Holborn
London
WC1V 6LJ
England
United Kingdom
| Phone | +44 (0)2035495499 |
|---|---|
| l.c.webber@ucl.ac.uk | |
| Website | http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ |
"ROR" |
https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
Funders
Funder type
Government
No information available
Results and Publications
| Intention to publish date | 01/05/2027 |
|---|---|
| Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share | No |
| IPD sharing plan summary | Data sharing statement to be made available at a later date |
| Publication and dissemination plan | Planned publication in a high-impact peer-reviewed journal |
| IPD sharing plan | The data-sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date |
Study outputs
| Output type | Details | Date created | Date added | Peer reviewed? | Patient-facing? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRA research summary | 28/06/2023 | No | No |
Editorial Notes
13/08/2025: The following changes were made to the trial record:
1. The sponsor email was changed.
2. Contact details updated.
3. The study participating centres were updated.
18/06/2024: The recruitment end date was changed from 30/04/2024 to 31/07/2024.
18/03/2024: The recruitment end date was changed from 01/12/2024 to 30/04/2024.
11/01/2023: Trial's existence confirmed by the NIHR.
