Physical education teachers' education to promote students' physical activity and to cope with sedentary behaviour

For all the following variables Time 0 (T0) refers to data collected at the beginning of the project (i.e., between September and November 2021), and Time 1 (T1) refers to data collected at the end of the project (i.e., between May and July 2022).

Students’ out of school PA levels:
PA levels are measured through both self-report instruments and objective tests, in detail:
1. Objective PA levels are measured using accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X-BT); for previous use within research on PA promotion, see for an example Sirard & Pate, 2001; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
2. Frequency of moderate-to-vigorous PA is measured in days per week using a 2-item self-report scale* (Prochaska et al., 2001; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
3. Amount of moderate-to-vigorous PA in the leisure time is measured in hours per week using a single-item self-report instrument* (Booth et al., 2001; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
4. Extracurricular out-of-school training with a coach or instructor is measured in times per week using a single-item self-report instrument* (Item approved in February 2021 by the Ethics Committee of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy) at T0 and T1;
5. Extracurricular in-school training is measured in days per week using a single-item self-report instrument* (Item approved in February 2021 by the Ethics Committee of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy) at T0 and T1;
6. PA at school, PA outside of school, and sedentary behaviours are measured using a 15-item self-report scale (Youth Activity Profile, YAP; Saint-Maurice & Welk, 2015; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1.

Students’ approach to PA:
1. Perceived motivational climate in PE is measured using a 12-item self-report scale (two sub-scales of six items each taken from the Motivational Climate in Physical Education; Papaioannou et al., 2007; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
2. Basic psychological needs satisfaction is measured using a 15-item self-report scale adapted for PE (Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire, BPNS-Q; Standage et al., 2005; McAuley et al., 1989; Richer & Vallerand, 1998; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
3. Behavioural regulation of motivation towards PE classes is measured using a 20-item self-report scale (Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, BREQ-2; Lonsdale et al., 2008; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
4. Achievement goals in PE are measured using a 13-item self-report scale (Sport Goal Orientation Scale, adapted for PE; Duda & Nicholls, 1992; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
5. Enjoyment in PE is measured using a 12-item self-report scale (Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, PACES, adapted from PE; Motl et al., 2001; Carraro et al., 2008; Carraro et al., 2014; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
6. Intention to practice physical exercise/sport in the leisure time is measured using a 3-item self-report scale* (Standage et al., 2003; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1.
7. Perceived behavioural control regarding physical exercise/sport in the leisure time is measured using a 3-item self-report scale* (Hagger et al., 2009; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
8. Attitudes towards PA/sport in the leisure time are measured using a 4-item self-report scale* (Hagger et al., 2009; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
9. Social support from friends and family towards participation in out-of-school PA is measured using a 8-item self-report questionnaire (8-item scale* – Dewar et al., 2013; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
10. Action planning of out-of-school PA is measured using a 5-item self-report questionnaire (Physical Activity Planning Scale; Dombrowski & Luszczynka, 2009; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
11. Self-monitoring is measured using a 4-item self-report scale (Perceived Self-regulatory Processes; Sniehotta et al., 2005; Theodosiou & Papaioannou, 2006; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1;
12. Subjective vitality is measured using a 5-item self-report scale (Subjective Vitality Scale; Ryan & Frederick, 1997; Papaioannou et al., 2020) at T0 and T1.

PE teachers’ approach to PA promotion:
1. Self-efficacy in promoting out-of-school PA is measured using a 4-item self-report scale (a sub-scale taken from a teachers’ self-efficacy questionnaire; Gorozidis & Papaioannou, 2011; Maltagliati et al. 2021) at T0 and T1;
2. Self-efficacy in creating a positive motivational climate in PE is measured using a 4-item self-report scale (a sub-scale taken from a teachers’ self-efficacy questionnaire; Gorozidis & Papaioannou, 2011) at T0 and T1;
3. Self-determined motivation in promoting students’ out-of-school PA is measured using a 15-item self-report scale (Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers, WTMST; Fernet et al., 2008; Maltagliati et al., 2021) at T0 and T1;
4. Interpersonal behaviour in PE is measured using a 24-item self-report scale (Interpersonal Behavior Questionnare, IBQ; Rocchi et al., 2018) at T0 and T1;
5. Intention to promote students’ out-of-school PA is measured using a 3-item self-report scale* (Aizen, 2002; Gorozidis & Papaioannou, 2011; Maltagliati et al., 2021) at T0 and T1;
6. Behaviours to promote students’ out-of-school PA are measured using a 3-item self-report questionnaire* (Gobbi et al., 2020; Maltagliati et al., 2021) at T0 and T1;
7. Pedagogical formats and feedback to promote students’ out-of-school PA are measured using a 13-item self-report scale* (Gobbi et al., 2020; Maltagliati et al., 2021) at T0 and T1.
*Note. Where not reported, a specific name for the scale has not been provided in the scientific literature.

For all the following variables Time 0 (T0) refers to data collected at the beginning of the project (i.e., between September and November 2021), and Time 1 (T1) refers to data collected at the end of the project (i.e., between May and July 2022).

Students’ physical fitness:
1. Submaximal level of functional exercise capacity is measured using the 6-minute Walking Test, 6MWT; Geiger et al., 2007) at T0 and T1;
2. Musculoskeletal fitness is measured using the handgrip and the standing long jump tests (ALPHA health-related fitness test battery, Garzón, 2009; Ruiz et al., 2011; Watanabe et al., 2011) at T0 and T1.

PE teachers’ work engagement:
1. Work engagement of PE teachers is measured using a self-report questionnaire (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, UWES, 9 items; Schaufeli et al., 2004; Gobbi et al., 2020; Maltagliati et al., 2021) at T0 and T1.